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US/Pacific: Saturday, October 11, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Sunday, October 12, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,585" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "3,450" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

CHEMISTRY: E-L (Course, Lectures, Databases, Animations, Simulations, Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, 3D Modeling, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound, etc.) Elastic Photon, Atom Scattering ~ Electrochemistry ~ Electrophoresis Emission, Absorption & Color Mixing Enthalpy, Gibbs Energy ~ Equilibrium ~ Evaporation Extremely Hazardous Substance, Contamination & Chemical Accidents Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Materials ~ Filtration & Separation ~ Flow Cytometry Fluid Mixing ~ Fluid Phase Equilibria ~ Food Chemistry ~ Fume Hoods Gas Laws (Ideal, Boyle's, Avagadro's, van der Waals etc.) Gas Mixtuers, Gas Dynamics, Natural Gas, etc. ~ Geochemistry ~ Glassblowing H2 ~ H2O2 ~ H2O - Water Chemistry ~ Helium ~ Heterocyclic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry ~ Ketones ~ Kinetics & Chemical Kinetics Chemistry Graphing & Plotter Calculators Chemistry Center Calculators On-Line Center

Elastic Photon-Atom Scattering ELASTIC PHOTON-ATOM SCATTERING CALCULATORS & APPLETS ELASTIC PHOTON-ATOM SCATTERING - L. Kissel & P. M. Bergstrom, Jr., V Division (High-Energy-Density Physics and Astrophysics), Lawrence Livermore National Laborabory (LLNL) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "..Elastic photon scattering is an important tool for obtaining information about the structural properties of matter..." For more information see Physics & Advanced Technologies - Research; Physics & Advanced Technologies; V Division or LLNL Elastic Photon-Atom Scattering Calculators include Anomalous Scattering Factors (ASF Calculator) Anomalous Scattering Factors Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Atomic Symbol or Number; Single Energy (Photon Energy); Multiple Energy (Minimum Energy, Maximum Energy, Energy Increment)..." Cross Sections Calculators Cross Sections Calculators include: "...Differential Cross Sections for: Variable Angle Calculator (for fixed energy); Variable Cnergy Calculator (for fixed angle); Variable Energy Calculator (for fixed momentum transfer). Angle Dependence of the Anomalous Scattering Factors Angle Dependence Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Atomic Number or Symbol; Energy; Minimum Angle; Maximum Angle; Number of Angles..." Electrochemistry ELECTROCHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, ETC. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY - D.F. Thomas, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph Multimedia Fundamentals of Electrochemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry Lectures include "... Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry Fundamentals; Electrochemical Instrumentation; Voltammetric Methods; Impedance Methods; Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry; Industrial Applications: Hydrothermal Electrochemistry; Industrial Applications: Fuel Cells and Batteries; Surface Analysis: Microscopy and Spectroscopy; etc..." For more information see Courses; Dan Thomas' Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ELECTROCHEMISTRY - Gamry Instruments Multimedia Application Notes on Electrochemistry (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Electrochemistry Teaching Modules include "...Basics of EIS; Rapid Electrochemical Assessment of Paint (REAP); Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Theory: A Primer; Potentiostat Primer; Getting Started with Electrochemical Corrosion Measurement; etc..." For more information see Gamry Instruments ELECTROCHEMISTRY ENCYCLOPEDIA - Edited by Zoltan Nagy; Hosted by the Ernest B. Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (YCES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Multimedia Electrochemistry Encyclopedia Artilces & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Electrochemistry Encyclopedia "...contains popular-science style articles describing many aspects of electrochemistry. New articles are added at irregular intervals, and all articles are periodically updated as recent developments occur in the field..." Electrochemistry Encyclopedia Subject Categories include: "... Anodizing; Brine electrolysis; Dielectrics; Electroactive Polymers; Electrochemical Capacitors; Electrochemical Engineering; Electrochemical Machining; Electrochemical Nose; Electrochemistry of Corrosion; Electroplating; Extracting Metals from Sulfide Ores; Magnetic Effects in Electrochemistry; Nonrechargeable Batteries; etc..." For more information see the Electrochemistry Encyclopedia Home Page; Ernest B. Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (YCES) or the Department of Chemical Engineering ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS & APPLETS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EOS) - R.S. Rodger, Research Solutions & Resources VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Electrochemistry Resources or Research Solutions & Resources Some examples of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Calculators include Inductance of a Straight Wire Calculator Inductance of a Straight Wire Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Wire Diameter; Wire Length; Permeability..." Capacitance and Coating Properties Calculator Capacitance and Coating Properties Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Find Coating (Dielectric Constant, Thickness, Capacitance); Coating Information (Dielectric Constant, Thickness, Capacitance)..." VOLTAMMETRIC CALCULATORS & APPLETS QUASI-REVERSIBLE VOLTAMMETRIC RESPONSE OF ELECTRODES COATED WITH ELECTROACTIVE MONOLAYER FILMS (JAVA APPLET) - M. Ohtani, Kanazawa College of Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan VERY EXTENSIVE. Quasi-reversible Voltammetric Response of Electrodes Coated with Electroactive Monolayer Films Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Relative dielectric constant at 0; Relative dielectric constant at d; Thickness of oriented solvent molecule layer or a distance from redox center to solution phase; Formal potential of a redox couple; etc..." For more information see Publications or Masayuki Ohtani's Home Page Electrophoresis ELECTROPHORESIS COURSES, HANDBOOKS, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. INTRODUCTION TO CAPILARY ELECTROPHORESIS PRIMER - Beckman Coulter, Inc. Multimedia Introduction to Capilary Electrophoresis Handbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Capilary Electrophoresis "...is a family of related techniques that employ narrow-bore (20-200 µm i.d.) capillaries to perform high efficiency separations of both large and small molecules. These separations are facilitated by the use of high voltages, which may generate electroosmotic and electrophoretic flow of buffer solutions and ionic species, respectively, within the capillary..." Examples of Capilary Electrophoresis Handbook Sections include "...Capillary electrophoresis; Electrophoresis Terminology; Electroosmosis; Capillary diameter and Joule heating; Effects of voltage and temperature; etc..." For more information see Capillary Electrophoresis Literature and Publications; Introduction to Capillary Electrophoresis; Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) or Beckman Coulter, Inc. CAPILARY ELECTROPHORESIS COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS PRIMER - MicroSolv Technology Corporation Multimedia Capillary Electrophoresis Primer (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Electrophoresis "...gets its name from the process whereby the movement of ions is produced under the influence of an applied voltage across a field that the ions exist..." "...The term, "High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis", HPCE is an umbrella for many sub-techniques such as: Capillary Iso-Electric Focusing; Micellar Electro-Kinetic Chromatography; Capillary Gel Electrophoresis; Capillary Isotachophoresis; etc..." Examples of Capillary Electrophoresis Primer Modules include "...Basic Theory; Improving Efficiency for your HPCE Methods; Achieving Precision in your HPCE Methods; Analytical Validation Glossary; etc..." For more information see MicroSolv Technology Corporation CAPILARY ELECTROPHORESIS CALCULATOR - Beckman Coulter, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Capilary Electrophoresis Calculator INPUT Values include: "...System Type; Capillary Dimensions; Temperature; Pressure; Time;..." Capilary Electrophoresis Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Hydrodynamic Injection; Capillary Volume; Capillary Volume to Window; Injection Plug Length; Plug Percentage Length to Window; Capillary Volumes Replaced; Seconds to replace 1 volume; Injection Pressure-seconds; Relative Viscosity..." For more information see Introduction to Capillary Electrophoresis; Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) or Beckman Coulter, Inc. ELECTROPHORESIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ELECTROPHORESIS (JAVA APPLET) - Java programming: K.I. Tchourioukanov; Author: M.W. Davidson, Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics & Mircroscopy, Florida State University Electrophoresis Applet "...explores how macromolecules are separated according to size when direct current is applied to the ends of an electrophoresis gel..." For more information see Electricity & Magnetism Interactive Java Tutorials or Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics & Mircroscopy Some examples of other related Electrophoresis Calculators & Applets include Resistance at the Molecular Level Mitosis CHEMISTRY BASED SIMULATIONS: MOVIES & ANIMATIONS (FLASH, QUICKTIME & REALPLAYER) - T.G. Chasteen, Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Texas Multimedia Chemistry Laboratory Demonstrations & Experiments Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments "...These animations support the teaching of concepts in chemistry in freshman through graduate level courses..." Subject Categories of Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments include: "...Electrophoresis Videos & Animations; Gas Chromatography Videos & Animations; Chromatography Videos & Animations; Chemiluminescence Videos & Animations; Mass Spectrometry Videos & Animations; X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Videos & Animations; HPLC Videos & Animations; Spectrophotometers Videos & Animations; etc..." For more information see Analytical Environmental Chemistry or Department of Chemistry Some examples of Electrophoresis Videos & Animations include Capillary Electrophoresis Injection Evaluation Videos & Animations Gel Electrophoresis Videos & Animations Capillary Electrophoresis Videos & Animations Modes of Capillary Electrophoresis Videos & Animations ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION OF DNA - CALCULATORS & APPLETS ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION OF DNA (JAVA APPLET) - P.A. Craig & D. Mix, Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Electrophoresis Simulation Site or Paul A. Craig's Home Page GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION (JAVA APPLET) - R. Russell, MSU's Virtual University, Michigan State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Gel Electrophoresis Simulation "...is used to analyze DNA or proteins. After using enzymes to cut the long DNA or protein strands, the DNA or protein. sample is placed in a "well" along the top of the jello-like gel. Next, current is applied to the gel..." For more information see Randy Russell's Interactive Portfolio; Randy Russell's Home Page or MSU's Virtual University DNA DISCOVERY MODULES (SHOCKWAVE) - The MyDNA Project, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Some examples DNA Discovery Modules include Module 2: Sorting DNA Molecules Module 3: Comparing Different Samples of DNA - Comparing DNA Samples on Agarose Gels ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION OF PROTEINS ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION OF PROTEINS (JAVA APPLET) - P.A. Craig & D. Mix, Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology VERY EXTENSIVE. Electrophoresis Applet "...simulates the process of electrophoesis on proteins. After separation the applet will plot the result and determine the experimental molecular weight of the unknowns..." For more information see Electrophoresis Simulation Site or Paul A. Craig's Home Page FRAGMENT SIZE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FRAGMENT SIZE CALCULATOR (GEL SYSTEM) - Northwestern University Medical School Fragment Size Calculator "...calculates unknown sizes for any gel system that has a logarithmic relationship between molecular weight and migration..." For more information see Basic Sciences GEL ELECTROPHORESIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SIMULATION (JAVA APPLET) - Original Author: J.Cowan, Revised and modified by W. Christian, Department of Physics, Davidson College, North Carolina For more information see Physlets; WebPhysics or the Department of Physics SODIUM DODECY1 SULFATE POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS CALCULATOR (SDS PAGE CALCULATOR) - Chang Bioscience, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Gel Electrophoresis Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Gel percentage; 30% Polyacrylamide; 10% Ammonium persulfate; 10% SD; etc..." For more information see Bioinformatics Tools and Resources for Biomedical Scientists and Students or Chang Bioscience, Inc.

Emission, Absorption, and Color Mixing EMISSION, ABSORPTION & COLOR MIXING RELATED CENTERS FOR MORE EMISSION, ABSORPTION & COLOR MIXING CALCUATORS & APPLETS SEE THE ENGINEERING CENTER: OPTICS EMISSION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ABSORPTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LIGHT & ENERGY: INTERACTIVE (JAVA APPLETS) - MultiCHEM, University of California, Berkeley Multimedia Chemistry Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). For more information see Tools or the ModularCHEM Constorium Examples of Light & Energy Applets include Emission Spectrum Applet Single Filter Emission Applet Absorption Applets COLOR CALCULATORS & APPLETS WHY THINGS HAVE COLOR (JAVA APPLET) - The Chemistry Collective & the Department of Chemistry, Carneigie Mellon University VERY EXTENSIVE. Why Things Have Color "...demonstrates how an abstract concept can be made accessible in an introductory course by putting it in the proper context. Here, the particle- in-a-box model of quantum mechanics is placed in a context of light absorption by materials..." For more information see Applets; The Chemistry Collective or the Department of Chemistry Enthalpy & Gibbs Energy ENTHALPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GIBBS FREE ENERGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ENTHALPY AND GIBBS FREE ENERGY CALCULATOR - Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill & The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Enthalpy Calculator and Gibbs Free Energy Calculator "...The purpose of this calculator is to calculate the value of the enthalphy of a reaction (delta H) or the Gibbs free energy of a reaction (delta G)..." Enthalpy Calculator and Gibbs Free Energy Calculator INPUT Values include: Enthalpy "...Reactant A, B & C (O, O3, H, OH, HO2, H2O, N, N2, NO, etc.); Product A, B & C (O, O3, H, OH, HO2, H2O, N, N2, NO, etc.);..." Gibbs Free Energy "...Reactant A, B & C (O, O3, H, OH, HO2, H2O, N, N2, NO, etc.); Product A, B & C (O, O3, H, OH, HO2, H2O, N, N2, NO, etc.);..." For more information see UNC-Chapel Hill Chemistry Fundamentals Program or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Equilibrium CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA CALCULATORS & APPLETS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA (JAVA APPLETS) - D.N. Blauch, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College VERY EXTENSIVE. Chemical Equilibria Calculators & Simulations include: "...Chemical Equilibria Calculator; Equilibrium Constant Calculator; Reaction Calculator; Le Chatelier's Principle Calculator: Adding and Removing Reactants and/or Products etc..." Le Chatelier's Principle Calculator: Temperature Changes; etc..." For more information see Chemistry Experiments and Exercises; David N. Blauch or the Department of Chemistry CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATOR - D.S. Dandy, Materials Processing Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Chemical Equilibrium Calculator Calculates "...the chemical equilibrium state of an ideal gas mixture, subject to necessary constraints on two intrinsic variables. Depending on the constraint chosen, the calculation invokes STANJAN to minimize the derived property—Gibbs energy, Helmholz energy, internal energy, enthalpy—or maximize entropy for the user-supplied gas mixture..." For more information see Gas Mixture Calculators or the Materials Processing Program CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT DO NOT GO TO COMPLETION: CALCULATORS & APPLETS EQUILIBRIUM (JAVA APPLET) - The Chemistry Collective & the Department of Chemistry, Carneigie Mellon University VERY EXTENSIVE. Equilibrium Calculator "...is similar to the limiting reagent applet, but applies to chemical reactions that do not go to completion..." For more information see Applets; The Chemistry Collective or the Department of Chemistry EQULIBRIUM CONSTANTS FROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: CALCULATORS & APPLETS EQULIBRIUM CONSTANTS FROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURE (JAVA APPLET) - T.W. Shattuck, Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY EXTENSIVE. Equilibrium Constants from Molecular Structure Calculator "...uses statistical mechanics to calculate the equilibrium constant for a simple bimolecular chemical reaction involving diatomic molecules and atoms..." Equilibrium Constants from Molecular Structure Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Formula; Be; Symmetry Number; Ground State Degenerace; Dissociation E; etc. for A, + B, > C & + D..." Be Calculator INPUT Values include "...formula; Be; etc..." For more information see Physical Chemistry or the Department of Chemistry

Evaporation EVAPORATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TOXIC CHEMICALS EVAPORATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AREAL LOCATIONS OF HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES (ALOHA) - Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) "...is a computer program that uses information you provide it, along with physical property data from its extensive chemical library, to predict how a hazardous gas cloud might disperse in the atmosphere after an accidental chemical release. ALOHA can predict rates of chemical release from broken gas pipes, leaking tanks, and evaporating puddles, and can model the dispersion of both neutrally-buoyant and heavier-than-air gases..." For more information see the Office of Response and Restoration Extremely Hazardous Substance, Contamination & Chemical Accidents HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE & TOXIC MATERIAL RELATED CENTERS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE & TOXIC MATERIAL DATABASES SEE THE PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER CONTAMINATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SITE CONTAMINATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CONTAMINATED SITES: METHOD 3 CALCULATOR - Contaminated Sites Program, Department of Environmental Conservation, Alaska VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Contaminated Sites: Method 3 Calculator "...was developed to provide flexibility in determining alternative cleanup levels for soil and groundwater... provides methods of determining site-specific alternative cleanup levels for three soil exposure pathways: inhalation, ingestion, and migration to groundwater..." For more information see Contaminated Sites Program or the Department of Environmental Conservation HAZARD RISK CALCULATOR (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Hazard Risk Calculator Spreadsheet is "...provided as a tool to assist in calculating the Hazard Index and Risk Index based on soil concentrations and/or soil gas concentrations using the California Human Health Screening Levels..." For more information see Screening Values; Brownfields Home Page or the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) DOSE COMPLIANCE CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATORS & APPLETS DOSE COMPLIANCE CONCENTRATIONS FOR RADIONUCLIDES CALCULATOR - Office of Superfund, EPS and Oak Ridge National Laboratory VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides "...Dose conversion factors (DCFs), or "dose coefficients", for a given radionuclide represent the dose equivalent per unit intake (i.e., ingestion or inhalation) or external exposure of that radionuclide. These DCFs are used to convert a radionuclide concentration in soil, air, water, or foodstuffs to a radiation dose..." Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides Calculator INPUT Values include: Landuses "...Residential Soil; Outdoor or Indoor Worker Soil; Agricultural Soil; Tapwater; Ingestion of Fish..." Units; ICRP Rule Option (30 or 60); Target Dose Limit; Radionuclides..." For more information see Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides Home Page; Risk Assessment or the Superfund HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CERCLA/EPCRA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES: RQ CALCULATOR - J. DiCerbo, A. Leslie, K. Erskine & F. Baes, Environmental Policy and Guidance, RCRA/CERCLA Division (EH-413), Department of Energy VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. CERCLA/EPCRA Reportable Quantities RQ Calculator "...simplifies the calculation of whether a release exceeds a chemical's reportable quantity. The program will calculate the amount of the regulated substance released, compare the resulting value to the chemical's RQ, and advise the user as to whether or not a notification must be made..." Reportable Quantities Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Substance released; Evaluate a Release; Find the RQ for a Hazardous or Extremely Hazardous Substance; Who to Contact and DOE Guidance..." Reportable Quantities Calculator also includes: "...CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; EPCRA: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act; etc..." For more information see Environmental Policy and Assistance Tools; DOE Environmental Policy & Guidance or the DOE Office of Environmental, Safety and Health EVAPORATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TOXIC CHEMICALS EVAPORATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AREAL LOCATIONS OF HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES (ALOHA) - Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) "...is a computer program that uses information you provide it, along with physical property data from its extensive chemical library, to predict how a hazardous gas cloud might disperse in the atmosphere after an accidental chemical release. ALOHA can predict rates of chemical release from broken gas pipes, leaking tanks, and evaporating puddles, and can model the dispersion of both neutrally-buoyant and heavier-than-air gases..." For more information see the Office of Response and Restoration

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Materials FERROUS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NON-FERROUS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MATERIAL HARDNESS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BRINELL, KNOOP, MOHS, ROCKWELL, SHORE SCLEROSCOPE, TENSILE STRENGTH & VICKERS ROCKWELL HARDNESS CONVERSION CALCUATOR - Brown Metals Rockwell Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Material Type (Austenitic & Non-Austenitic); Hardness Scale (15T; 30T; 15N; 30N)..." For more information see Brown Metals BRINELL'S HARDNESS CALCULATOR - Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE), Arizona State University VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Carbon; IN-VSEE Modules; Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE) Examples of other Hardness Calculators include Knoop Hardness Calculator Knoop Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...P (Kilograms); I (mm)..." Vickers Hardness Calculator Vickers Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...P (Kilograms); d1 (mm)..." HARDNESS TEST CALCULATORS - eFunda, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Hardness Calculators include: "...Vickers Hardness Calculator; Various Brinell Hardness Calculator; Knoop Hardness Calculator; Mohs Hardness Calculator; Rockwell Hardness Calculators; etc..." For more information see Calculators or Engineering Fundamentals HARDNESS TESTING CALCULATORS - G. England, Independent Metallurgist and Consultant to the Thermal Spray Coating Industry, Surrey, England VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Thermal Spray Coatings Some examples of Hardness Testing Calculators include Rockwell Superficial Hardness Calculator Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone (N scale) or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a preliminary minor load..." Brinell Hardness Calculator Brinell Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. For softer materials the load can be reduced to..." Microhardness Calculator Microhardness Test Method "...usually refers to static indentations made with loads not exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is either the Vickers diamond pyramid or the Knoop elongated diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers hardness test, except..." METAL WEIGHT CALCULATORS & APPLETS MASS3J: MASS & VOLUME CALCULATOR - J. Dempsey, Dempsey's Forge, Gladys, VA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Mass3J is "...a practical calculator for determining weights and mass properties. Input units include Inches, centimeters and millimeters. Reports include a list of materials, their density and the calculated weight as well as mass properties...." Mass3J Calculators include: "...Cylinders Weight Calculator; Cylinders Properties Calculator; Rectangulars Calculator; Right Triangular Prism Calculator; Polygonal Prisms Calculator; Cone Layout Calculator; Oval Layout Calculator; Punching Force Calculator; etc..." For more information see Anvilfire: Blacksmithing and Metalworking Reference for Blacksmiths METALS WEIGHT CALCULATOR: ALLOY, NO. OF PIECES, SHAPE, DIAMETER, LENGTH - AlloyTech, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Metal Weight Calculator Alloy's include: "...Aluminum; Steel; Stainless; Nickel;, Magnesium; Beryllium; Titanium; Cast Iron; Brazz; Zinc; Copper; Lead; Silver; etc..." For more information see Utilities & Calculators or AlloyTech, Inc. PRIME METAL WEIGHT CALCULATOR: ALLOY, NO. OF PIECES, SHAPE, DIAMETER, LENGTH - Principal Metals, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Metal Weight Calculator Alloy's include: "...Aluminum; Steel; Stainless; Nickel;, Magnesium; Beryllium; Titanium; Cast Iron; Brazz; Zinc; Copper; Lead; Silver; etc..." For more information see Principal Metals, Inc. STEEL PIPE WEIGHT CALCULATORS & APPLETS STEEL PIPE WEIGHT CALCULATOR (HOW MUCH STEEL WILL YOU NEED) - Procarsa S.A. de C.V., Mexico For more information see Procarsa S.A. de C.V. SHEET METAL BENDING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SHEET METAL BENDING CALCULATOR - S. Trudel VERY EXTENSIVE. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator "...An added feature of this program is the calculation of the outside radius. In most instances the outside radius can be set as the sum of the thickness and the inside radius..." Sheet Metal Bending Calculators include: Radius Calculations for easy Developed Length and the Minimum Bend Radius INPUT Values include "...Thickness of the Sheet Metal; Material Constant; Percent Elongation for this Material ..." Developed Length and the Outside Radius Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Thickness of the Sheet Metal; Material Constant; Inside Radius; Angle Bent in Degrees..." For more information see SolidWorks SPECIALTY STEEL & FORGE ALLOY CALCULATORS & APPLETS STEEL WEIGHT CALCULATOR: SPECIALTY STEEL & FORGE ALLOY - Specialty Steel & Forge VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Steel Weight Calculator "...allows you to determine the approximate weight of your raw material using the density factor for the metal family selected and the dimensions..." Steel Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: Imput Thickness/Diameter, Width, & Length for Alloy "...Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Hastelloy, Inconel, Titanium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Magnewium & Titanium..." Shape "...Round, Flats, Sheet, Plate, Strip, Hexagons, Octagons, Pipe, Rings, Discs, Squares, Tubing, Step Shafts & Wire..." Units; Number of Pieces; etc. For more information see Specialty Steel & Forge Filtration & Separation - Particle Technology FILTRATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SEPARATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FOR MORE RELATED CALCULATORS SEE ENGINEERING CALCULATORS: WATER/WASTEWATER TREATMENT ENGINEERING FILTRATION AND SEPARATION - R. Holdich, Filtration and Separation.com, Loughborough University, & Midland Information Technology and Publishing, Nottingham, U.K. Multimedia Filtration & Separation Teaching Modules, Calculators, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Filtration & Separation "...to enhance knowledge and understanding of filtration and separation technology..." For more information see Midland Information Technology and Publishing Some examples from over "10" Filtration & Separation Calculators include Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment Selection and Elimination Procedure Calculator Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment Selection and Elimination Procedure Calculator INPUT Values include: Slurry "...Specific Resistance of the Filter Cake; Feed Solids Concentration; Feed Liquid Vapour Pressure; Scale of Operation; etc..." Process "...Primary Objective of the Separation; Chemicals be Added to Enhance the Separation; etc..." Filtration Calculators Filtration Calculators include: Constant Pressure Filtration Calculator Constant Rate Filtration Calculator Data Analysis Calculators Filtering Centrifuge Calculator Filtering Centrifuge Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Rotational Speed; Centrifuge Radius; Inner Liquid Radial Position; Slurry Concentration; Liquid Density; etc..." Sedimentation Calculators Sedimentation Calculators include: Particle Settling Calculator Continuous Thickening Calculator ENGINEERING ASPECTS IN SOLID-LIQUID SEPERATION - J. Halberthal Multimedia Solid-Liquid Seperation Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Solid-Liquid Separation "...is a major unit operation that exists in almost every flowscheme related to the chemical process industries, ore beneficiation, pharmaceutics, food or water and waste treatment..." Some examples Solid-Liquid Seperation Teaching Modules include Vacuum Filters Vacuum Filters Modules include "...Drum Filters; Disc Filters; Horizontal Belt Filters; Tilting Pan & Table Filterss..." Pressure Filters Pressure Filters Modules include "...Filterpress; Horizontal Plate Filters; Vertical Leaf Filters; Automatic Filters; etc..." Thickeners Thickeners Models include "...Conventional Thickeners; Lamella Thickeners; etc..." GRANULAR MEDIUM CALCULATORS & APPLETS WHAT IS A GRANULAR MEDIUM - S. Dartevelle, Granular Volcano Group Multimedia Granular Medium Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Granular Flows "...are economically important phenomena, e.g., in pharmaceutical industry, corn flow in a silo, coal and flour in a bin,..." For more information see the Granular Volcano Group Some examples Granular Medium Flow Chapters include An Overview of Granular Theories A Review of Plastic-Frictional Theory Part. 1: Introduction, Mohr-Coulomb, and von Mises Stresses A Review of Plastic-Frictional Theory Part. 2: Plastic Potential Theory

Flow Cytometry FLOW CYTOMETRY COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. Flow Cytometry Courses, Lectures, etc. INTRODUCTION TO FLOW CYTOMETRY (FLASH) - BD Biosciences Multimedia Introduction to Flow Cytometry (Text, Images, & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Flow cytometry "...is a technology that simultaneously measures and then analyzes multiple physical characteristics of single particles, usually cells, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include a particle's relative size, relative granularity or internal complexity, and relative fluorescence intensity..." Introduction to Flow Cytometry Chapters include "...Fluidics; Optics; Electronics; Optical Measurement; Data Analysis; Applications; etc..." For more information see Customer Training; Technical Resources or BD Biosciences INTRODUCTION TO FLOW CYTOMETRY (FLASH) - J. Paul Robinson, Cytometry Laboratories, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University Multimedia Indroduction Flow Cytometry Courses (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Cytometry Laboratories; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering or the College of Engineering FLOW CYTOMETRY SERIES - J. Paul Robinson, Cytometry Laboratories, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University Multimedia Flow Cytometry Courses - Flash, PPT & PDF (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from one of the Flow Cytometry Course Chapters include "...Introduction to Flow Cytometry; Fluorescence Quantitation; Flow Cytometry Theory; Light and Matter; Light and Fluorescence; Optical Systems; Detectors; Flow Systems and Hydrodynamics; etc..." For more information see the Cytometry Laboratories; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering or the College of Engineering Flow Cytometry Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM VIEWER (JAVA APPLET) - BD Biosciences Multimedia Fluorescence Spectrum Viewer (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Fluorescence Spectrum Viewer "...The spectra presented here have been collected on a fluorometer, and are not necessarily corrected for the photomultiplier tube (PMT) that might be in your instrument. The spectral sensitivity of the fluorometer and PMT used has an effect on the measured relative "intensities" of the yellow and near infra red fluorescence..." Fluorescence Spectrum Viewer INPUT Values include "...Cytometer; Laser (nm); Fluorochrome 1; Fluorochrome 2; etc..." For more information see Customer Training; Technical Resources or BD Biosciences Fluid Mixing FLUID MIXING COURSES, LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, ANIMATIONS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. THE COLORFUL FLUID MIXING GALLERY (QUICKTIME) - A. Bakker Multimedia Computational Fluid Mixing Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY..EXTENSIVE. The Colorful Fluid Mixing Gallery "...The purpose of this site is to provide a gallery of colorful fluid mixing pictures, photos, videos, and an online book on mixing. This material has been created over the years, mostly through computer modeling, but also from experimental data. The main focus is mixing in industrial equipment, as used in the chemical and process industries..." Computational Fluid Mixing Teaching Modules include "...Chemical Reaction Simulation; Fermenter; Helical Ribbon Impeller; Paper Pulp Mixing; HEV Static Mixer; Kenics Static Mixer; Asymmetric Blade Impeller; etc..." THE USE OF LARGE EDDY SIMULATION TO STUDY STIRRED VESSEL HYDRODYNAMIC (PDF) - A. Bakker Multimedia Computational Fluid Mixing Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Use of Large Eddy Simulation to Study Stirred Vessel Hydrodynamic "...Prediction of mixing of multi-component fluids is important in many chemical process applications. Although laminar mixing is a complicated process per se, there is a far greater challenge in predicting the mixing in turbulent flows because of the intrinsic, chaotic nature of turbulent flows. In turbulent flows, large-scale eddies with coherent structures are mainly responsible for the mixing of passive scalars..." For more information see The Colorful Fluid Mixing Gallery FLOW MODELING SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL MIXING - Fluent Inc., ANSYS, Inc. Multimedia Flow Modeling Solutions for Industrial Mixing Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Fluent Inc. Fluid Phase Equilibria FLUID PHASE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA CALCULATOR - T. Melton, Quest Consultants Inc. Fluid Phase Equilibria Calculator "...is designed to allow users to select a pure component or a mixture of components and determine either the vapor pressure curve for a pure component or the pressure-temperature phase envelope for a mixture..." For more information see Calculators or Quest Consultants Inc. Food Chemistry FOOD CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR FOOD CHEMISTRY COURSES, DATABASES, ETC. SEE THE NUTRITION CENTER SOME EXAMPLES OF FOOD CHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. FOOD CHEMISTRY (FDSC400) - John Coupland, Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State University Multimedia Food Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Some examples of Advanced Food Chemistry Course Lectures include "...Kinetics; Water; Proteins; Dispersed Systems; Carbohydrates; Lipids; etc..." For more information see Food Chemistry Home Page or the Department of Food Science Examples of Spreadsheets include DVLO Potentials Calculator DVLO Theory "...can predict the interaction potential between droplets in an emulsion. The main adjustable parameters in the equation are the surface potential (related to the charge density on the surface of the droplet – increase by either adsorbing more protein or increasing the charge on the each protein,..." ADVANCED FOOD CHEMISTRY (FST 605) (SPREADSHEETS OPEN ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - L.E. Rodriguez-Saona, Department of Food Science & Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University Multimedia Advanced Food Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Some examples of Advanced Food Chemistry Course Lectures include "...Chemical Kinetics; Protein Structure; Protein Functionality; Denaturation; Protein Processing; Enzyme Kinetics; Carbohyrdates; Maillard; Lipid Oxidation; etc..." For more information see Food Chemistry Home Page; Food Chemistry Courses or the Department of Food Science & Technology FOOD CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SPREADSHEETS (XLS) ESTIMATING THE PROBABILITY OF HIGH MICROBIAL COUNTS (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - M. Peleg, Department of Food Science, College of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA VERY EXTENSIVE. Microbial Counts Calculator "...estimates the probability of an unusually high microbial count from a past time series of fluctuating counts assuming the data in that series have a normal or lognormal distribution..." For more information see Micha Peleg's Home Page or the Department of Food Science MODELING MICROBIAL INACTIVATION, SURVIAL AND GROWTH (SPREADSHEETS OPEN ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - M. Peleg, Department of Food Science, College of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Microbial Inactivation, Survival and Growth Calculators include: "...Real-time generation of microbial cells' survival curves during pasteurizaton; Real-time generation of bacterial spores' survival curves during sterilization; Real-time generation of microbial survival curves during disinfection with a volatile chemical agent; Generation of non-isothermal microbial growth curves having a long lag period (model A); Generation of non-isothermal microbial growth curves having a short lag period (model B)...." For more information see Micha Peleg's Home Page or the Department of Food Science Fume Hoods FUME HOOD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FUME HOOD ENERGY CALCULATORS & APPLETS LABORATORY FUME HOOD ENERGY CALCULATOR - M. Siminovitch & E. Page, Lighting Systems Research Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Fume Hood Energy Calculator - Fume Hood Calculator "..."...estimates annual fume hood energy use and costs for user-specified climates and assumptions about operation and equipment efficiencies..." For more information see Advanced Web-based Energy Analysis Tools & Energy Information; Environmental Energy Technologies Division or the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Gas Laws (Ideal, Boyle's, Avagadro's, van der Waals, etc.) IDEAL GAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMPUTING THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR A GAS - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Equation of State for a Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pressure; Density; Gas Constant; Temperature..." For more information see Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. GAS LAWS (JAVA APPLETS) - D.N. Blauch, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Laws Calculators & Teaching Modules include "...Boyle's Law Calculator; Charles's Law Calculator; Avogadro's Law Calculator; Ideal Gas Law and the Gas Constant Calculator; Dalton's Law Calculator..." For more information see Chemistry Experiments and Exercises; David N. Blauch or the Department of Chemistry GASEOUS EXUATION OF STATE CALCULATOR - REAL AND IDEAL GAS LAW CALCULATOR - F.A. Senese, Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State University, Maryland VERY EXTENSIVE. Gaseous Equation of State Calculator "...Solve the ideal gas, van der Waals, and Dieterici equations of state for pressure, volume, temperature, or moles in a variety of convenient units..." Gaseous Equation of State Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pressure; Volume; Temperature; Mole; Gas (Custom, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, N2, O2, etc.) Gaseous Equation of State Calculator ouput values include: "...Solve the: Ideal Gas, van der Waals Gas; Dieterici Gas..." For more information see the Toolbox; General Chemistry Online; Department of Chemistry; Frederick A. Senese's Home Page or Frostburg State University IDEAL GAS CALCULATOR USING MOLAR GAS CONSTANT - LDS Vacuum Products, Inc., Altamonte Springs, Florida Ideal Gas Calculator Using Molar Gass Constant INPUT Values include: "...Pressure; Volume; Number of Moles; Temperature..." For more information see Technical Information or LDS Vacuum Products, Inc., IDEAL GAS CALCULATOR - Chemicool Ideal Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pressure; Volume; Number of Moles; Temperature..." For more information see Chemicool

Gas Mixtures, Gas Dynamics, etc.

Gas Conversions ~ Combustion Dynamics Gas Dynamics Gas Explosions ~ Gas Mixtures ~ Gas Saturation in Water Infra-Red Gas Radiation Natural Gas Compressibility Natural Gas Ignition ~ Thermal Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions Thermochemical: Gas-Phase Molecules

Gas Mixtures, Gas Dynamics, etc. Calculators & Applets GAS CONVERSION CALCULATORS & APPLETS GAS CALCULATOR - Linde Gas Division, Linde Group, Linde AG VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: Gas "...Oxygen; Nitrogen; Argon; Helium; Carbon Monoxide; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen; Methane; Acetylene; Propane..." and ONE of the Following: "...Norm cubic meter; Litre Liquid at 1,013 bar or Kilogram..." For more information see Products; Linde Gas Division or Linde AG COMBUSTION DYNAMICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMBUSTION DYNAMICS (JAVA APPLETS) - S. Bhattacharjee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Combustion Dynamics "...Combustion is an exothermic violent reaction between fuels and oxidizers..." For more information see Thermodynamics Software - TEST-Map - The TEST Tree; Utility Applets; The Expert System for Thermodynamics or the Department of Mechanical Engineering GAS DYNAMICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAS DYNAMICS CALCULATOR - R. Bonazza, Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Dynamics Calculators include: Gas Dynamics Calculator INPUT Values include: Select a Diven Gas "...Helium, Air, Argon, Neon, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride..." Mach Number; Pa; Initital Pressure; Driven Section; K; Initial Temperature, Driven Section; Select a Driver Gas "...Helium, Air, Argon, Neon, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride..." K; Initial Temperature; Driver Section. Gas Dynamics Calculator OUTPUT Values include: For State 1, 2, 4 or 5 "...Pressure, Temperature, Density, Sound of Speed, & Velocity..." MW; Specific Heat Ratio; Initial Wave Speed; Reflected Wave Speed; etc..." Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Distance Between Pressure Transducers; Time Between Pressure Transducers; Distance Between Trigger Transducer and Window Centerline; etc..." Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Actual Mach Number; Estimated Delay Time for Shock; Estimated Delay Time for Membrane; etc..." Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Volume of the Driver; Volume of the Boost Tank; Diaphragm Rupture Pressure; etc..." Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Pre-boost Driver Pressure; Post-boost Driver Pressure; etc..." For more information see the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory; Riccardo Bonazza's Home Page; Research Centers and Facilities; Department of Engineering Physics or the College of Engineering GAS DYNAMICS CALCULATORS - Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Dynamics Calculators include: "...Isentropic Flow Calculator; Normal Shock Calculator; Rayleigh Flow Calculator; Fanno Flow Calculator..." For more information see Fluid Mechanics Laboratory or the College of Engineering GAS DYNAMICS TOOLBOX APPLET (CALCULATOR & GRAPH) - A. Alexeenko, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Dynamics Calculator is "...used to calculate the normal shock wave parameters and microscopic and macroscopic parameters..." Gas Dynamics Calculator includes Normal Shock Calculator & Flow Regime Calculator: Normal Shock Gas Dynamics Calculator INPUT Values includes: "...Number of Species; Species (H2O; CO2; N2; O2; etc.); Mole Fraction..." Normal Shock Gas Dynamics Calculator output values includes: "...Upstream Conditions & Downstream Conditions..." For more information see Alina Alexeenko's Home Page or Alina Alexeenko's Home Page at Purdue GAS EXPLOSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAS EXPLOSIONS - Department of Physicsl Chemistry, National Institute Of Materials and Chemical Research (NIMC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan Multimedia Gas Explosions Database (Text & Images). In English & Japanese. Gas Explosion Database "...contains the systematically edited data for explosion hazards of gaseous materials; edited data consist of both original ones of NIMC and common ones..." Gas Explosion Hazards output values for each Chemical includes: Chemical Formula; CAS; NIOSH; Molecular Weight; Specific Gravity; Boiling Point; Evapolation Heat; Heat of Combustion; Stoichiometric Mixture; Explosion Limit in Air Mixture; Ignition Temperature; Flashing Temperature; Maximum Burning Velocity; Adiabatic Flame Temperature in Stoichiometric Mixture; Ignition Energy of Stoichiometric Mixture; Minimum Ignition Energy; Quenching Distance of Stoichiometric Mixture; Minimum Quenching Distance; Relative Detonation Hazard; TLV-TWA; Mixing Hazard; Pyrolysate Gas; etc..." For more information see National Institute Of Materials and Chemical Research (NIMC); Research Information Data Base or the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) GAS MIXTURES CALCULATORS & APPLETS GAS MIXTURES TOOLS - D.S. Dandy, Materials Processing Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Mixture Calculators "...compute a number of thermodynamic, thermophysical, and chemical kinetic properties associated with gas mixtures..." Gas Mixture Calculators include: "...Transport Property Evaluation Calculator; Chemical Equilibrium Calculator; Dimensionless Groups Calculator; Homogeneous Chemical Kinetics Calculator..." For more information see Materials Processing Program Examples of Gas Mixture Calculators include Transport Property Evaluation Transport Property Evaluation Calculator "...will calculate transport properties for gas mixtures of two or more species. Binary and mixture properties are computed for binary mixtures..." Chemical Equilibrium Calculation Chemical Equilibrium Calculator "...will calculate the chemical equilibrium state of an ideal gas mixture, subject to necessary constraints on two intrinsic variables. Depending on the constraint chosen, the calculation invokes STANJAN to minimize the derived property�Gibbs energy, Helmholz energy, internal energy, enthalpy�or maximize entropy for the user-supplied gas mixture..." GAS SATURATION IN WATER CALCULATORS & APPLETS GAS SATURATION IN WATER CALCULATORS - H. Bührer,Switzerland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gases in the Gas Saturation in Water Calculators include: "...Hydrogen; Deuterium; Helium; Neon; Argon; Krypton; Xenon; 222Rn; Oxygen; Nitrogen; N2O; NO; CO; CO2; SO2; Chlorine; Cl2O; ClO2; Ethane; Propane; Butane; H2Se; H2S; CH4; etc..." For more information see Heinrich Bührer's Home Page Examples of Gas Saturation in Water Calculators include Oxygen Saturation Calculator Oxygen Saturation Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Oxygen; Altitude; Saturation Percentage..." Nitrogen Saturation Calculator Nitrogen Saturation Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Nitrogen; Altitude; Saturation Percentage..." Gas Saturation Calculator Gas Saturation Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Percentage of Gas (Hydrogen, Argon, etc.); Altitude; Saturation Percentage..."

INFRA-RED GAS RADIATION CALCULATORS & APPLETS INFRARED GAS RADIATION CALCULATORS & APPLETS INFRA-RED BAND RADIATION (JAVA APPLET) - S. Bhattacharjee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University Infra-Red Band Radiation Calculator Calculates "...the total and band radiation from a column of CO2, CO or H2O using the wide-band exponential model..." For more information see Thermodynamics Software - TEST-Map - The TEST Tree; Utility Applets; The Expert System for Thermodynamics or the Department of Mechanical Engineering NATURAL GAS COMPRESSIBILITY CALCULATORS & APPLETS NATURAL GAS COMPRESSIBILITY - The Gas Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Natural Gas Compressibility Calculator is "...an evaluation of natural gas compressibility factors and density (using AGA-8)..." Natural Gas Compressibility Calculator output values include: Compressibility Factor; Density; Mole Fractions for "...Methan; Nitrogen; Carbon dioxide; Ethane; Hydrogen sulfide; Hydrogen; Carbon monoxide; Oxygen; etc..." For more information see The Gas Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine NATURAL GAS IGNITION CALCULATORS & APPLETS REACTION RATE COEFFICIENTS - GRI-MECH - B. Serauskas, M. Frenklach, T. Bowman, G. Smith & B. Gardiner, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UC Berkeley VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Reaction Rate Coefficients is "...an optimized detailed chemical reaction mechanism capable of the best representation of natural gas flames and ignition..." "...The reactions can be searched by REACTION NUMBERS, SPECIES NAMES, or KEYS..." For more information see the GRI MECH or the Department of Mechanical Engineering GRI-MECH - B. Serauskas, M. Frenklach, T. Bowman, G. Smith & B. Gardiner, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UC Berkeley VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Natural Gas Ignition Calculator: "...In general, the Natural Gas and Air menus can be thought of as two input streams; for example, you may enter the principal composition of the mixture as one of the streams and use the other to introduce additives..." For more information see GRI MECH or Department of Mechanical Engineering THERMAL GAS-PHASE CHEMICAL REACTIONS CALCULATORS & APPLETS CHEMICAL KINETICS DATABASE - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Chemical Kinetics Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Chemical Kinetics Database "...includes essentially all reported kinetics results for thermal gas-phase chemical reactions. The database is designed to be searched for kinetics data based on the specific reactants involved, for reactions resulting in specified products, for all the reactions of a particular species, or for various combinations of these..." Chemical Kinetics Database "...contains in excess of 38,000 separate reaction records for over 11,700 distinct reactant pairs..." For more information see NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) THERMOCHEMICAL CALCULATORS & APPLETS: GAS-PHASE MOLECULES COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY COMPARISON AND BENCHMARK DATABASE (CCCBDB) - CALCULATED DATA - Computational Chemistry Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Thermochemical Database (Text, Images, Calculations, etc...). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database contains "...experimental and computational thermochemical data for a selected set of 631 gas-phase molecules. Tools for comparing experimental and computational ideal-gas thermochemical properties..." Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Calculated Data includes: Geometric Calculated Data "...Cartesians, bond lengths and angles; Rotation and Moments of Inertia; Bond orders from AIM analysis; Point Group for a given molecule at different levels of theory; etc..." Vibrations Calculated Data "...Vibrational frequencies; Vibrational frequencies, intensities and reduced masses; Compare reduced masses for a given vibrational mode; Bad Vibrational Frequency calculations; etc..." Entropies Calculated Data Entropies and Integrated Heat Capacities at any temperature using calculated data; etc..." Energetics Calculated Data Energies in hartrees; Barriers to Internal Rotation; Nuclear repulsion Energies; etc..." Electrostatics Calculated Data Atomic charges; Electric dipole moments; Polarizabilities; etc..." Compare Calculations "...Compare calculated bond lengths bond lengths; Compare calculated vibrational intensities vibrations; Compare energy difference of a single point calculation; Calculated properties for several species; etc..." For more information see Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmarks Database; Computational Chemistry Group; NIST Online Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Geochemistry GEOCHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY & OCEANOGRAPHY COURSES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE OCEANOGRAPHY GEOCHEMISTRY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. Undergraduate Geochemistry Courses, Lectures, etc. FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOCHEMISTRY - K.H. Rubin, Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii Multimedia Fundamentals of Geochemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Fundamentals of Geochemistry Course Lecture Notes include "...Thermodynamics and Chemical Reactions, Solubility, Mineral Solubility as Geo-Thermometer/Barometer; Weathering and Soil Formation; hydrologic cycle; Marine Chemistry and Chemical Cycles; Marine Sediments; Crust and Mantle evolution; etc..." For more information see Fundamentals of Geochemistry Home Page; Teaching; Kenneth H Rubin's Home Page or the Department of Geology and Geophysics PRINCIPLES OF GEOCHEMISTRY - S.A. Wood, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Idaho Multimedia Principles of Geochemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Principles of Geochemistry Course Chapters include "...The Atmosphere and its Relationship to the Crust and the Hydrosphere; The Terrestrial Environment; Weathering; Radiogenic Isotopes and Geochronology; etc..." For more information see Principles of Geochemistry Home Page; Courses; Scott A. Wood's Home Page or the Department of Geological Sciences GEOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL WATERS (REAL PLAYER) - S.A. Wood, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Idaho Multimedia Geochemistry of Natural Waters Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Geochemistry of Natural Waters Course Video Lectures include "...Mineral Weathering and Mineral Surface Processes Video Lecture; Mineral Weathering and Mineral Surface Processes Video Lecture; Redox Reactions and Processes Video Lecture; Structures, Properties, and Occurrence of Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Video Lecture; Biotransformation of Organic Compounds; etc..." For more information see Geochemistry of Natural Waters Home Page; Geology 578 Home Page; Courses; Scott A. Wood's Home Page or the Department of Geological Sciences Graduate Geochemistry Courses, Lectures, etc. GEOKEM: GEOCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS - B.M. Gunn, Mew Zealand Multimedia Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks Lectures, Technical Reports, Databases, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks (GEOKEM)" Subject Categories include "...Oceanic Ridge Basalts (ORBs); Oceanic Island Basalts (OIBs) & Alkaline Series; Continental Flood Basalts; Orogenic Andesites; Rare Earth Elements; Sodic and Potassic Granites; Lamprophyres; Rhyolites Trachytes and Phonolites; Archaean MetaBasalts, and MetaAndesites; Extraterrestrial geochemistry; etc..." ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY - W.M. White, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University Multimedia Isotope Geochemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Isotope Geochemistry Course Sections & Lectures include Geochronology "...Basics of Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry; Geochronology I: The K-Ca-Ar system; Geochronology II: The K-Ar and Rb-Sr systems; Cosmogenic Isotopes in Geochronology; Fission Track Dating; etc..." Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry "...Isotope Cosmochemistry; The Mantle; Mantle Plumes; Subcontinental Lithosphere; The Continental Crust; Noble Gases and Evolution of the Atmosphere..." Stable Isotope Geochemistry "...Stable Isotope Theory: Equilibrium Fractionations; Kinetic Fractionations and the Hydrologic System; Biological Fractionations of Stable Isotopes; Hydrothermal Activity, Metamorphism and Ore Deposits; The Carbon Cycle, Isotopes, and Climate; etc..." For more information see Isotope Geochemistry (EAS 656) Home Page; Isotope Geochemistry (EAS 656) Home Page or the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASES & GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING AQUEOUS GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING ONLINE: WEB-PHREEQ - Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University Multimedia Aqueous Geochemical Modelling (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Aqueous Geochemical Modelling "...A program for aqueous geochemical calculations..." For more information see the Geology 428/628: Geochemistry or the Department of Geosciences GEOCHEMICAL EARTH REFERENCE MODEL (GERM) - GERM, EarthRef.org Multimedia Geochemical Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Geochemical Database includes: Geochemistry of the Earth Database "...contains summary data on the geochemistry of all reservoirs in the Earth..." Rocks and Minerals Database "...contains partition coefficient data for all types of rocks and minerals and for every element..." Other Reservoir Databases include: "...Halley Comet Tail; Coarse Interplanetary Dust Particles; Chondritic Smooth Interplanetary Dust Particles; Chondritic Porous Interplanetary Dust Particles; Interplanetary Dust Particles; etc..." For more information see EarthRef Databases; EarthRef.org GEOCHEMISTRY OF ROCKS OF THE OCEANS AND CONTINENTS (GEOROC) - Max-Planck-Institut (MPI) für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Multimedia Geochemistry of Rocks of the Oceans & Continents Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Geochemistry of Rocks of the Oceans & Continents Database "...a global geochemical database containing published chemical and isotopic data as well as extensive "metadata" for rocks, minerals and melt/fluid inclusions..." For more information see Geochemistry Division or the Max-Planck-Institut (MPI) für Chemie GEOKEM: GEOCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS - B.M. Gunn, Mew Zealand Multimedia Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks Lectures, Technical Reports, Databases, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks (GEOKEM)" Subject Categories include "...Oceanic Ridge Basalts (ORBs); Oceanic Island Basalts (OIBs) & Alkaline Series; Continental Flood Basalts; Orogenic Andesites; Rare Earth Elements; Sodic and Potassic Granites; Lamprophyres; Rhyolites Trachytes and Phonolites; Archaean MetaBasalts, and MetaAndesites; Extraterrestrial geochemistry; etc..." GEOCHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Cosmogenic Isotopes Calculators CRONUS-EARTH ONLINE CALCULATORS - COSMOGENIC ISOTOPES CALCULATORS - Greg Balco, Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory, Quanternary Research Center & the Analytical Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Washington VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmogenic Isotopes Calculators include: Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Exposure Age Calculator: "...calculating an exposure age when erosion rate is known independently..." Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Surface Erosion Rate Calculator: "...calculating the surface erosion rate under the assumption that the erosion rate has been constant long enough for several meters of rock to have been removed..." Geometric Shielding Calculator: "...For correcting the production rate at a site that is partially shielded from the cosmic-ray flux, either by the surrounding topography or by a nominally infinite dipping..." For more information see the Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory; Quaternary Research Center; Analytical Geochemistry Research Group or the Department of Earth and Space Sciences Radioactivity of Minerals Calculators FOR MORE RADIATION, RADIOACTIVITY CALCULATORS, DATABASES, ETC. SEE RADIATION - RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY OF MINERALS - Mineralogy Database, D. Barthelmy Multimedia Radioactivity of Minerals Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Radioactivity of Minerals Database includes for each Mineral "...Estimated Radioactive Strength (ERS); Calculated Activity: Becquerel/kilogram; Calculated Activity: Curie/gram; Estimate Activity: GR(api); Estimate Activity: mRem/hr per gram..." For more information see Mineralogy Database Uranium Series Calculator for Magma Migration Problems FOR MORE URANIUM CALCULATORS, DATABASES, ETC. SEE RADIATION - RADIOACTIVITY USERCALC: URANIUM SERIES CALCULATOR FOR MAGMA MIGRATION PROBLEMS - Mark Spiegelman, Division of Seismology, Geology, and Tectonophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), The Earth Institute, Columbia University, & a Joint Appointment with the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Uranium Series Calculator for Magma Migration Problems "...calculates the concentrations and activity ratios for the two parallel Uranium Series decay chains 238U->230Th->226Ra and 235U->231Pa in a one dimensional upwelling and melting column..." The purpose of the site is to provide a tool that can spur additional collaborations between geophysicists and geochemists as well as drive more rapid exploration/evolution of U-series models..." Uranium Series Calculator for Magma Migration Problems includes "...1-D Column Models Calculator; Contour Plots Calculator; Spreadsheet Calculator..." For more information see Mark Spiegelman's Home Page; Division of Seismology, Geology, and Tectonophysics or the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) Glassblowing GLASSBLOWING COURSES, LECTURES, VIDEOS, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. SCIENTIFIC GLASSBLOWING BASICS - J. Walas, East Carolina University Glassblowing Services, Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina Multimedia Glassblowing Course (Text, Images & Demonstrations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Scientific Glassblowing Basics Course "...The intent of this basic course of instruction is not to make you an accomplished professional glassblower. It is designed to give you experience in performing a series of basic glassblowing seals that can be used in the fabrication and repair of simple to complex glass apparatus and glass systems..." Examples of Glassblowing Subject Categories include: "...Equipment, Material, Tools and Terminology; Glassblowers Bench; Oxygen and Fuel Gas Systems; Burners and Torches; Cutting Glass; Fire Polishing Annealing; Butt Seals; Bends; Repairs; Ring Seals; Vacuum Seals; etc..." For more information see East Carolina University Glassblowing Services GLASSBLOWING DATA & TABLES - J. Walas, East Carolina University Glassblowing Services, Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina Multimedia Glassblowing Data & Tables (Text & Images). Examples of Glassblowing Data & Tables Subject Categories include "...Ceramic to Borosilicate; Cylindrical Volumes; Glass to Metal; Glass Frit; Physical Properties; Quartz to Tungsten; etc..." For more information see East Carolina University Glassblowing Services THE GLASSWARE GALLERY - R. Toreki, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, and hosted by Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated (ILPI) Multimedia Glassware Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Demonstrations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Glassware Gallery "...In the Glassware Gallery you will find drawings and descriptions of the glassware and equipment that you might encounter in a synthetic Inorganic (or Organic) laboratory..." Glassware Subject Categories include: "...Ball Mills; Bubblers; Cannulas; Fritted Funnels; Schlenk Flasks; Furnaces (tube and box); Gas Regulators; Glove Boxes; Heating Sources; Joints; Mortars and Pestles; etc..." For more information see Chemistry 450G Home Page; Chemistry Course Listings or the Department of Chemistry GLASSBLOWING PHOTOS & VIDEOS (QUICKTIME) - Glassblower Multimedia Glassblowing Teaching Modules Videos (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Glassblowing Photos & Videos includes Over "100" Videos on Glassblowing Techniques; Photographic Glossary of the Glassblower "... Air Hose; Annealer; Batch; Bench; Bench Rollers; Blocks; Blowpipe; Diamond Marver; Diamond Shears; Dichroic; Ferritti; Frax; etc..." Glassblowing Tools; etc. For more information see Glassblower Graphing GRAPHING/PLOTTING CALCULATORS & APPLETS RELATED CENTERS FOR GRAPHING CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE GRAPH'S/PLOTTING CALCULATORS H2 Molecule H2 CALCULATORS & APPLETS CALCULATION ON THE H2 MOLECULE USING A SUBMINIMAL FSGO BASIS SET - D. Mosley, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Appliquée, Belgium H2 Molecule Calculator "...Here, we study the H2 molecule using a single FSGO (Floating Spherical Gaussian Orbitals)...you can specify the internuclear distance, an initial guess for the orbital exponent, and the displacement of the orbital from..." For more information see Chemical Java and JavaScript Index or the Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Appliquée, Belgium H2O2 H2O2 CALCULATORS & APPLETS H2O2 CALCULATOR - Southland Environmental, H2O2.com VERY EXTENSIVE. H2O2 Calculator "...This section is designed to assist prospective users of Hydrogen Peroxide with developing preliminary estimates of their H2O2 requirements..." H2O2 Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Reactant (Hydrogen Sulfide, Neutral pH; Hydrogen Sulfide, Alkaline pH; Thiosulfate, Neutral-acid pH; etc.); Reactant Concentration; Waste Flow..." For more information see H2O2.com

Water Chemistry - H₂ O

Water Chemistry Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, etc. Alkalinity Boiling Point ~ Fugacity of Pure Water ~ Gas Saturation in Water Liquid Tank Heating ~ Properties of Water & Steam Speed of Sound in Pure Water Sea Water ~ Trilinear Plots for Water Chemistry Water Vapor Pressure

Water Chemistry Courses, Textbooks, Calculators, Spreadsheets (xls), etc. H2O Calculators, Applets, Animations, Simulations, Spreadsheets (xls), etc. WATER CHEMISTRY COURSES, WATER CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOKS, WATER CHEMISTRY LECTURES, ETC AQUATIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, AQUATIC CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOKS,AQUATIC CHEMISTRY LECTURES, ETC. FOR MORE WATER CHEMISTRY INCLUDING RAINFALL, DRAINAGE, EROSION, ET, GROUND WATER, WATER RUNOFF DATABASES, CALCULATORS, COURSES, ETC. SEE AGRICULTURE: SECTION I: WATER FOR MORE WATER CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, DATABASES, COURSES, ETC. RELATED TO ENGINEERING INCLUDING WATER & WASTEWATER TREATMENT, GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, CIVIL ENGINEERING (HYDROLOGY, GROUNDWATER, ETC.), ETC. SEE THE ENGINEERING CENTER WATER STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE - Martin Chaplin, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Built Environment, London South Bank University Multimedia Water Structure and Science Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Water Structure and Science "...Water is the most studied material on Earth but it is remarkable to find that its behavior and function are so poorly understood (or even ignored), not only by people in general, but also by scientists working with it everyday. The small size of its molecule belies the complexity of its actions and its singular capabilities. Liquid water's unique properties and chameleonic nature seem to fit ideally into the requirements for life as can no other molecule..." Examples of Water Structure and Science Chapters & Subchapters include The Water Molecule "...The structure of the water molecule; Hydrogen bonding in water; The Phase Diagram of water; Water at interfaces; Properties of water and heavy water; etc..." Water Clustering in Liquid Water "...Introduction to water clustering; Evidence for icosahedral water clusters; etc..."