MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER CHEMISTRY CENTER CHEMISTRY: R-Z (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, and where Applicable includes: Courses, Manuals, Handbooks, Simulations, Animations, Videos, etc.)

US/Pacific: Saturday, October 11, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Sunday, October 12, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,585" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "3,450" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

CHEMISTRY: R-Z (Course, Lectures, Databases, Animations, Simulations, Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, 3D Modeling, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound, etc.) Radiocarbon Dating ~ Redox ~ SAS/SANS/SAXS ~ Soil Chemistry Solid State Chemistry ~ Solubility ~ Spectroscopy ~ Spectrum Analysis Statistical Mechanics ~ Steam Properties ~ Stoichiometric Calculations Surface Science ~ Synthetic Chemistry - Chemical Synthesis Temperature Thermometry & Thermocouple Thermodynamics (Thermochemical, Thermophysical, Heat Conduction & Transfer Statistical Thermodynamics, Thermobarometry, etc.) Theoretical Chemistry Thermophysical Properties of Air & Fluid Systems Vacuum Pumps/Guages ~ Viscosity ~ X-ray Interactions with Matter Radioactivity - Radiation Chemistry Center Calculators On-Line Center

Radiocarbon Dating RADIOCARBON CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RADIOCARBON DATING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CARBON 14 DATING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CALIB RADIOCARBON CALIBRATION (JAVA APPLET) - M. Stuiver, P.J. Reimer & R. Reimer, CALIB 14C Calibration Program, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Ireland VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration "...makes the conversion from radiocarbon age to calibrated calendar years by calculating the probability distribution of the sample's true age. Graphics and a variety of options are available through the program's menus..." Calib Radiocarbon Calibration INPUT Values include: "...Radiocarbon Age; Standard Deviation; Delta R; Uncertainty in Delta R; Sample Counter; Lab Error Multiplier; Curve Smoothing in Years; etc..." For more information see the CALIB 14C Calibration Program For "Reservoir Correction for Marine Samples" see Marine Reservoir Correction Database Marine Reservoir Correction Database "...Organisms from marine (and lacustrine environments) have been exposed to different levels of 14C than their counterparts in the atmosphere..." HOW MUCH CARBON-14 IS LEFT - CALCULATOR - P. Hiscock, School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Australia How much Carbon-14 is Left Calculator "...The issue is often "how much carbon-14 remains to be measured in very old samples?", and has this carbon been contaminated with younger carbon? The problem is that as samples get older there is progressively less carbon-14 to be measured and any contamination will have increasingly dramatic effects on the estimated date..." For more information see On-Line Articles; Resources or the School of Archaeology and Anthropology RADIOCARBON DATING TEACHING MODULES WITH CALCULATORS & SIMULATIONS ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS): PRINCIPLES OF RADIOCARBON DATING - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Arizona VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Radiocarbon Measurements Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Radiocarbon Dating "...is well known for its use in age dating of many kinds of materials. The method is applicable to almost any carbonaceous material which formed in the last 50,000 years..." For more information see Accelerator Mass Spectrometry or the Department of Physics Redox REDOX CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS REDOX REACTIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS REDOX REACTIONS CALCULATOR - Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill & The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Redox Reactions Calculator Calculates "...the electrode potential for a half-reaction, with inputs being the concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products, and the number of electrons transferred..." For more information see UNC-Chapel Hill Chemistry Fundamentals Program or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Small Angle Scattering: SAS, SAXS & SANS SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SAXS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING (SAS) SIMULATIONS & CALCULATIONS - M. Kriechbaum, Institute of Biophysics & X-ray Structure Research, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Austrian Academy of Sciences), Austria VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Institute of Biophysics & X-ray Structure Research or the Austrian Academy of Sciences Some examples from over "20" Small Angle Scattering Calculators include I(h) Function Calculator I(h) Function Calculator "...calculates the scattering curve I(h) of models consisting of up to 8 spheres with different x/y/z coordinates and optionally different radii and different electron densities using the Debye-formula in reciprocal space..." P(r) Function Calculator P(r) Function Calculator "...calculates the distance-distribution function of concentric shell models (sphere D=3, disc D=2 or rod D=1). Enter the number of radii, the values for..." P(r) Function Calculator P(r) Function Calculator "...calculates the distance-distribution function of models consisting of up to 8 spheres with the same radius and optionally different electron densities and different x/y/z coordinates using the Debye-formula in real space..." Rg Calculator (Radius of Gyration Calculator) Radius of Gyration Calculator "...calculates the Radius of Gyration of concentric shell models. Enter the number of shells, the lengths of the respective semi-axis Rx(i), Ry(i) and Rz(i) (z is in the axis of rotation) and the..." Horizontal Slit Profile Calculator for SAXS Horizontal Slit Profile Calculator for SAXS "...Enter the values for the horizontal focus length (f), horizontal slit aperture (s), where s must be equal or bigger than f, distance focus-to-slit (d1) and distance slit-to-focus (d2),..." SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SANS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NCNR TOOLS - Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, NIST VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) Examples from over "20" Neutron Calculators include Scattering Length Density Calculator for Thermal Neutron Cross Sections Scattering Length Density Calculator "...Given a chemical compound and a mass density in g/cm3 this applet can calculate the real and imaginary portions of the scattering length density of the material for neutrons and x-rays..." Calculate SANS Data on the Web Calculate SANS Data on the Web "...calculate SANS data using any of 20 different particle models. You can also smear the SANS data using a set of instrument parameters..." Calculate Neutron Reflectivities on the Web Calculate Neutron Reflectivities on the Web "...Make a model profile with layers, define the fronting and backing media and calculate neutron reflectivities..."

Soil Chemistry SOIL CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR MORE SOIL CHEMISTRY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE AGRICULTURE: SOIL CHEMISTRY SOIL CHEMISTRY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS & LECTURES SOIL CHEMISTRY (SSC 102) - R.J. Zasoski, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, College of Agricultural & Enviromental Sciences, University of California, Davis Multimedia Soil Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Soil Chemistry Course includes "...interactions between soil solids, precipitates and solution phases including: mineralogy, ion exchange, adsorption, weathering and buffering, soil colloidal behavior, acidic and basic soils, salinity, and..." Examples of Soil Chemistry Course Sections include "...The Soil Solid Phase; Chemistry of the Soil Solution Phase; Solubility Relationship of Soil Components; Chemistry of Carbonate Systems; Exchange Reactions in Soil-Sediment Systems; Adsorption on Soil Colloids; Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Soil Systems; etc..." For more information see Department of Land, Air and Water Resources CLAY MINERALOGY & GEOCHEMISTRY: GEOL4550/6550 - P.A. Schroeder, Department of Geology, University of Georgia Multimedia Clay Science Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Clay Science" Course Lectures include "...Theoretical X-ray powder diffraction; X-ray diffraction data processing; Hydrous layered silicates; Ionic radii and structural formula calculations; Associated mineral phases and their XRD identification; XRD identification of discrete clay minerals; Mixed-layer clays and their XRD identification; Quantitative XRD analysis of mineral mixtures; Reicprocal lattice, Electron diffraction; The geochemistry of clays; Equilibrium adsorption and ion exchange; Weathering reactions; etc..." For more information see Paul A. Schroeder's Home Page or the Department of Geology Solid State Chemistry SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR SEMICONDUCTORS & MICROELECTRONICS COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE SEMICONDUCTORS, MEMS, MICROELECTRONICS, MICROFABRICATION, MICROMACHINING, ETC. FOR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE NANOTECHNOLOGY SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY COURSES INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY: 2007 (REAL PLAYER) - D.R. Sadoway, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT Multimedia Solid State Chemistry Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound) VERY VERY VERY....EXTENSIVE. Examples of Solid State Chemistry Lectures include: "...Rutherford model of the atom, Bohr model of hydrogen Video Lecture; Atomic spectra of hydrogen, matter/energy interactions involving atomic hydrogen Video Lecture; De Broglie, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger. The Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rules. Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Average Valence Electron Energy Video Lecture; Born- Haber cycle. Octet stability by electron sharing: covalent bonding Video Lecture; LCAO MO, Energy Level Diagrams for H 2 , He 2 , Li 2 . Hybridization, double bonds and triple bonds, paramagnetism and diamagetism Video Lecture; Characterization of atomic structure: the generation of x-rays and Moseley's Law Video Lecture; Amorphous solids, glass formation, inorganic glasses Video Lecture: silicates; etc..." For more information see Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Home Page; Donald R. Sadoway's Home Page or the Department of Materials Science and Engineering INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY: 2004 (REAL PLAYER) - Donald R. Sadoway, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT Multimedia Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). Examples from over "34" Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Video Lectures include "...Born-Haber Cycle, Octet Stability by Electron Sharing: Covalent Bonding, Lewis Structures Hybridization Video Lecture; The Shapes of Molecules, Electron Domain Theory, Secondary Bonding Video Lecture; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors, Doping, Compound Semiconductors, Molten Semiconductors Video Lecture; Introduction to the Solid State, the 7 Crystal Systems, the 14 Bravais Lattices Video Lecture; Characterization of Atomic Structure: The Generation of X-rays and Moseley's Law Video Lecture; Organic Glasses - Polymers: Synthesis by Addition Polymerization and by Condensation Polymerization Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see the Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Home Page; Department of Materials Science & Engineering or the MIT OpenCourseWare SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY (FLASH) - Virtual Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, U.K. Multimedia Solid State Chemistry Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Solid State Chemistry Course "...A comprehensive online Chemistry course covering solid state compounds..." Examples of Solid State Chemistry Course Chapters include "...Energy Bands and Band Gaps; Spectroscopic Techniques for Studying Gandstructure; Semiconductors; Doping of Semiconductors; The Mott-Hubbard Gap and Breakdown of the Band Model; Defects in Solids; Non-stoichiometry; etc..." For more information see the Virtual Chemistry - Virtual Laboratory or Department of Chemistry Solubility SOLUBILITY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SOLUBILITY MEASUREMENTS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATABASE - Data compiled and evaluated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the Web database distributed by the Measurement Services Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Solubility Database & Solubility Calculator (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database "...Mutual solubilities and liquid-liquid equilibria of binary, ternary and quaternary systems are presented. Typical solvents and solutes include water, sea water, heavy water, inorganic compounds, and a variety of organic compounds..." IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database includes "...over 67,500 solubility measurements, compiled from 18 volumes of the IUPAC Solubility Data Series. There are about 1800 chemical substances in the database and 5200 systems, of which 473 have been critically evaluated. The database has over 1800 references..." For more information see NIST Standard Reference Data Web Server; NIST Online Databases; NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SOLUBILITY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS OXYGEN SOLUBILITY CALCULATOR - Point Four Systems Inc. Oxygen Solubility Calculator determines "...the O2 Saturation Concentration for water under various conditions..." Oxygen Solubility Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Salinity; Temperature; Altitude..." For more information see Point Four Systems Inc. SOLUBILITY CALCULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - B. Herreros, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC) Solubility Calculator "...for various Chemical Compounds..." For more information see Bruno's Java; Bruno Herreros Home Page or the Department of Chemistry

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy Introduction to Spectroscopy Courses, Textbooks, Video Lectures Spectroscopy by Specialty Courses, Textbooks, Video Lectures, Databases, Calculators, etc. Spectroscopy Tools ~ Spectrometers ~ Spectrophotometry ~ Black Body Emission Auger Electron Spectrometry ~ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Electron Spectroscopy ~ Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy - IR Spectroscopy ~ Laser Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy ~ NMR & MRI Spectroscopy Organic Spectroscopy ~ Roman Spectroscopy ~ Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ~ Spectroscopy Data Viewers & Databases Infrared and Raman spectra ~ Molecular Spectral Database for Microwaves NMR Spectra: Organic Structures NMR Spectra: Proteins, Peptides, Nucleic Acids Spectral Database for Organic Compounds ~ X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS, ETC. SPECTROSCOPY (QUICKTIME, ETC.) - K.A. Nelson, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, & Hosted by the MIT TechTV, MIT Multimedia Spectroscopy Video Lectures (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spectroscopy Video Lectures include "...Chemistry 5.35: The Valentine's Day Lecture: Loving Spectroscopy Video Lecture; Chemistry 5.35: Spectroscopy in the Frequency and Time Domains Video Lecture; Chemistry 5.35: Linear and Nonlinear Spectroscopy Video Lecture; Chemistry 5.35: Fourier Transforms: Principles and Practice Video Lecture..." For more information see The Kieth Nelson Group or the Department of Chemistry INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY - W.H. Reusch, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University Multimedia Spectroscopy Course (Text, Images, Animations & Calculators). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectroscopy "...The Light of Knowledge is an often used phrase, but it is particularly appropriate in reference to spectroscopy. Most of what we know about the structure of atoms and molecules comes from studying their interaction with light (electromagnetic radiation). Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide different kinds of information as a result of such interactions..." Spectroscopy Chapters & Subchapters include: Mass Spectrometry The Mass Spectrometer; Characteristics of Mass Spectra; Isotopes; Fragmentation Patterns; High Resolution Spectra; etc..." Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy "...The Electromagnetic Spectrum; UV-Visible Absorption Spectra; The Importance of Conjugation; etc..." Infrared Spectroscopy "...Vibrational Spectroscopy; Group Frequencies..." Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy "...Proton NMR Spectroscopy; Carbon NMR Spectroscopy; etc..." For more information see Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry; Chemistry Courses or the Department of Chemistry SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS: 1H-WIZZARD (CHEMICAL SHIFTS): IR-WIZZARD (WAVE NUMBER); MS-WIZZARD (FRAGMENT OR LOSS MASS); ETC.. - Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdamm, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Multimedia Spectroscopy Courses, Teaching Modules & Tools (Text, Images, Animations & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spectroscopy Courses include: "...Applications of 1H NMR Spectroscopy; etc..." Spectroscopy Calculators include: "...1H-Wizard; IR-Wizard; MS-Wizard; Enhanced IR-Wizard (more than 2000 entries)..." Spectroscopy Databases & Calculators include: 1H chemical shifts; 15N chemical shifts; 31P chemical shifts; NMR- Solvents; J(H,H)- Couplings; 13C chemical shifts Calculator; 17O chemical shifts; 13C chemical shift; etc..." For more information see Spectroscopic Tools or the Institut für Chemie SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS: 1H-WIZZARD (CHEMICAL SHIFTS): IR-WIZZARD (WAVE NUMBER); MS-WIZZARD (FRAGMENT OR LOSS MASS); ETC.. - Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdamm, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spectroscopy Courses include: "...Applications of 1H NMR Spectroscopy..." Spectroscopy Calculators include: "...1H-Wizard; IR-Wizard; MS-Wizard; Enhanced IR-Wizard (more than 2000 entries)..." Spectroscopy Databases & Calculators include: 1H chemical shifts; 15N chemical shifts; 31P chemical shifts; NMR- Solvents; J(H,H)- Couplings; 13C chemical shifts Calculator; 17O chemical shifts; 13C chemical shift; etc..." For more information see Spectroscopic Tools or the Institut für Chemie SPECTROSCOPIC SIMULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - The Chemistry Collective & the Department of Chemistry, Carneigie Mellon University VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectroscopic Simulator "...simulates an infra-red spectrometer, allowing students to adjust the experimental and molecular parameters and observe the effects on the infra-red spectrum. Students may use the applet to first focus on each of the i ndividual concepts, within the context of the actual experiment, and then to integrate these concepts into a coherent whole..." For more information see Applets; The Chemistry Collective or the Department of Chemistry TIME-BANDWIDTH CALCULATOR (FEMTOSECOND LASERS FOR MICROMACHINING AND SPECTROSCOPY) - Clark-MXR, Inc. Time-Bandwidth Calculator "...will help you determine the Fourier Transform Bandwidth for your laser..." For more information see The Learning Center; Introduction to Micromachining with Femtosecond Laser Pulses or Clark-MXR, Inc.

SPECTROMETERS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VIRTUAL SPECTROMETER - VIRSPEC (JAVA APPLET) - A. Zheludev, Neutron Scattering Group, Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectrometer Calculator is "...a Java-based 3-axis spectrometer simulator/resolution calculator/false peak calculator...It calculates angles and simulates scans. It also calculates several type of false peaks. As the virtual spectrometer is moved, a Ben Sternlieb- style graphical resolution window is updated in real time, showing the resolution parameters and ellipses at current position..." For more information see Andrey Zheludev's Home Page or the Neutron Scattering Group SPECTROPHOTOMETRY TEACHING MODULES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (JAVA APPLETS) - D.N. Blauch, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College Multimedia Spectrophotometry Teaching Modules & Calculators (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectrophotometry Calculators include: "...Spectrophotometry Calculator; Absorbance Spectrum Calculator; Effect of Cell Path Length Calculator; Effect of Concentration Calculator; Beer's Law Calculator; etc..." For more information see Chemistry Experiments and Exercises; David N. Blauch or the Department of Chemistry BLACK BODY EMISSION CALCULATORS & APPLETS BLACK BODY CALCULATOR - O++, Mons-en-Baroeul, France VERY EXTENSIVE. Black Body Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Lambda Minimum; Lambda Maximum; Emissivity; Radiance or Emittance; Peak Wavelength; Efficiency..." For more information see O++ BLACK BODY EMISSION CALCULATOR - W. McKinney & M. Martin, Electron Spectroscopy Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory VERY EXTENSIVE. Black Body Emission Calculator "...will calculate the emission as a function of wavelength from a black body (or grey body) source of a given size and temperature into a given solid angle..." For more information see Electron Spectroscopy Group Links of the Electron Spectroscopy Group (Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy & Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES)) EXTENDED BLACKBODY CALCULATOR - Santa Barbara Focalplane, Lockheed Martin VERY EXTENSIVE. Extended Blackbody Calculator "...assumes a large (extended) blackbody source with specific lens (Optics), dewar window (Window), and filter transmission values. The filter can have up to two different wavelength bands..." For more information see Santa Barbara Focalplane, Lockheed Martin AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROMETRY - Evans Analytical Group Multimedia Auger Electron Spectrometry Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) "...identifies elemental compositions of surfaces by measuring the energies of Auger electrons. Auger electron emission is stimulated by bombarding the sample with an electron beam..." Auger Electron Spectrometry Teaching Modules include "...Auger Process; Electron Beam Effects; Auger Analytical Volume; Auger Electron Spectroscopy; Uses for AES; Limitations of AES; Auger Electron Energies; Elemental Quantitation; Auger Electron Emission Probabilities; Auger Depth Profiling; etc..." For more information see Surface Analysis or the Evans Analytical Group AUGER PARAMETER ENERGIES - UK Surface Analysis Forum Multimedia Auger Parameters Energies Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Auger Parameters Energies Database "...contains the energies of the principal photoemission and Auger lines and their corresponding Auger parameters for most of the elements. Most entries include values for the element in many different chemical states..." For more information see Surface Science Databases or the Surface Analysis Forum: Surface Science Site SPECTROMETRICS SURFACE ANALYSES, (XPS, AES, and UPS) & INELASTIC MEANS FREE PATH (IMFP) - GRAPHERS & SIMULATIONS - Thermo Electron Corporation, France Multimedia X Ray Photoemission and Auger Spectrometries Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. X Ray Photoemission and Auger Spectrometries "...The aim of this database is to quickly find publication references relative to XPS, AES and to be able to extract the only part of the publication connected to it. Keywords used for bibliography are often not enough precise to quickly obtain specific results. This database has to be considered as a new tool, complementary to the ones yet existing..." For more information see XPS, AES, UPS and ESCA X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) DATABASE - C.D. Wagner, A.V. Naumkin, A. Kraut-Vass, J.W. Allison, C.J. Powell, J.R. Rumble Jr., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database "...contains over 22,000 line positions, chemical shifts, doublet splittings, and energy separations of photoelectron and Auger-electron lines..." For more information see NIST Standard Reference Data Web Server; NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS & APPLETS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS) - R.S. Rodger, Research Solutions & Resources Multimedia Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Teaching Modules & Calculators (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Electrochemistry Resources or Research Solutions & Resources Some examples of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Calculators include Inductance of a Straight Wire Calculator Inductance of a Straight Wire Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Wire Diameter; Wire Length; Permeability..." Capacitance and Coating Properties Calculator Capacitance and Coating Properties Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Find Coating (Dielectric Constant, Thickness, Capacitance); Coating Information (Dielectric Constant, Thickness, Capacitance)..." ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS) - Gamry Instruments Multimedia Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Teaching Modules include "...EIS Theory Primer; Physical Electrochemistry and Equivalent Circuit Elements; Extracting Model Parameters from Data; Kramers-Kronig Analysis; etc..." For more information see Gamry Instruments TUTORIAL ON ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS) - Argentum Solutions, Inc. Multimedia Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) "...(also known as: AC impedance or the electrochemical impedance technique) is an electrochemical technique that has gained wide acceptance for corrosion rate measurement, corrosion research, corrosion monitoring, and corrosion quality assurance..." Examples of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Teaching Modules include "...Analysis Using Simple Circuits; Constant Phase Element; Corrosion Rate Estimation; Two Capacitive Relaxation Time Constants; Critical Criteria for Proper Spectra; Diffusion Impedance..." For more information see Argentum Solutions, Inc. ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, CALCULATORS, ETC. ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY: QUANTITATIVE ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY - W. Werner, Surface & Plasma Technology, Institut für Allgemeine Physik, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Multimedia Quantitative Electron Spectroscopy: Electron Spectroscopy Techniques Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Electron Spectroscopy Techniques "...are nowadays widely used for surface analysis. Signal electrons in electron spectroscopy have energies characteristic for the elements from which they are emitted. Often, the energy is even characteristic for the chemical state of the emitting atoms. Furthermore, the photionization process provides detailed insight in the electonic and magnetic structure of solid surfaces. Finally,..." Electron Spectroscopy Techniques Teaching Modules include: "...Elastic Electron Scattering; Inelastic Electron Scattering; Surface Sensitivity of Electron Beam Techniques; The Auger Effect; The Photoelectric Effect; X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS); Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES); Elastic Peak Electron Spectroscopy (EPES); etc..." For more information see Wolfgang Werner's Home Page; Surface and Plasma Technology or the Institut für Allgemeine Physik GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAMMA CALCULATOR - Radiation Geophysics, Geological Survey of Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gamma Calculator "...demonstrates the process of calculating equivalent ground concentrations of potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) from measured raw count rates and spectrometer/system constants..." For more information see Radiation Geophysics CALCULATEUR GAMMA - Géophysique de rayonnement, Commission géologique du Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Calculateur Gamma "...montre comment les concentrations équivalentes au sol de potassium (K), d'uranium (U) et de thorium (Th) sont calculées d'après les taux de comptage bruts mesurés et les constantes des spectromètres/systèmes..." For more information see Géophysique de rayonnement GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY CATALOGUE OF ISOTOPE SPECTRAL DATA - Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Center, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Multimedia Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue of Isotope Spectral Data Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue of Isotope Spectral Data Database "...The INL's Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue is an attempt to compile spectra from various detector types and present these spectra with decay schemes and data tables based on the latest ENSDF data. It includes recently acquired Ge spectra and decay data as well as available spectra..." For more information see Gamma-ray Spectrum Online Catalogs; Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Center or the Idaho National Laboratory GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETRY APPLETS - GammaSpec.org, Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, U.K. For more information see the GammaSpec.org (High Resolution Gamma Spectrometry) Some examples of High Resolution Gamma Spectrometry Applets include Pulses from the Preamplifier and Spectroscopy Amplifier Applet Identification of the components that make up a spectrum Applet INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. IR SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. IR Spectroscopy Teaching Modules, Lectures, etc. ASSIGNING SPECTRA: IR & ROMAN (FLASH) - M. Anderson, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, U.K. Multimedia Spectra Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Animations). VERY EXTENSIVE. Assigning Spectra "...an interactive tutorial on the analysis of IR and Raman Spectra using Group Theoretical methods..." Spectra Teaching Modules include: "...Selection Rules; Symmetry; Assigning Spectra; etc..." For more information see the Virtual Chemistry - Virtual Laboratory or Department of Chemistry FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPOY - P.J. Eaton, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química - Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências - Faculty of Science, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Mulimedia Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Teaching Modules "...learn about the principles behind FTIR, i.e. how it works, the advantages and disadvantages of FTIR..." For more information see Peter J. Eaton's Home Page; REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química - Department of Chemistry; Faculdade de Ciências - Faculty of Science or the Universidade do Porto IR SPECTROSCOPY - Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia IR Spectroscopy Teaching Modules & Theory of Infrared Spectroscopy (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Infrared Spectroscopy "...Infrared radiation is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and microwave regions. Infrared radiation is absorbed by organic molecules and converted into energy of molecular vibration, either stretching or bending. Different types of bonds, and thus different functional groups, absorb infrared radiation of different wavelengths..." For more information see Spectroscopy; Organic Chemistry Laboratory Topics; CU Boulder Organic Chemistry or the Department of Chemistry INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY: IR HELPER - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine Infra-Red Spectroscopy "...step-by-step tutorial on the interpretation of Infra-Red spectra..." For more information see NMR (CH255J); Chemistry Courses or the Department of Chemistry WEBSPECTRA: PROBLEMS IN NMR AND IR SPECTROSCOPY - C.A. Merlic, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Division of Physical Sciences, UCLA Multimedia Problems NMR & IR Spectroscopy Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Problems NMR & IR Spectroscopy "...Interpretation of spectra is a technique that requires practice - this site provides 1H NMR and 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY and IR spectra of various compounds for students to interpret..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Infrared Spectra Databases - IR Databases IR SPECTRA SIMULATION (TELESPEC) - J. Schuur, P. Selzer & M.C. Hemmer, The J. Gasteiger Research Group, Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Multimedia Infrared Spectra Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. IR Spectra Simulation (TeleSpec) "...provides a tool for the simulation of infrared spectra, especially for compounds whose spectra are not available in any database..." For more information see Services; Techniques for Organic Reactions, Visualization, and Spectroscopy; Computer-Chemie-Centrum (Computer Chemistry Center) or the Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry) WAVENUMBER CALIBRATION TABLES FROM HETERODYNE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS - G. Maki and Joseph S. Wells, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurement Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Wavenumber Tables for Calibration of Infrared Spectrometers "...is an atlas of molecular spectra and associated tables of wavenumbers from heterodyne frequency measurements for the calibration of infrared spectrometers. Many of the calibration tables have improved uncertainties due to recent contributions of workers who have made new sub-Doppler frequency measurements..." For more information see High-Accuracy Molecular (Spectroscopy) Wavelengths; Optical Frequency Measurements Group; Time & Frequency Division or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

LASER SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LINEAR MOLECULE SPECTRA: DIATOMIC MOLECULE SPECTRUM SIMULATION - C. Western, Laser Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. Diatomic Molecule Spectrum Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Rank of Transition; Maximum J; Temperature; Frequency Range; Band Origin; Upper State (Singlet, Doublet, Triplet, Quartet, etc.); (Signa+, Signa-, Pi, Delta, etc.); Lower State (Singlet, Doublet, Triplet, Quartet, etc.); (Signa+, Signa-, Pi, Delta, etc.); For more information see Spectroscopy of Transient Species or Colin Western's Home Page MASS SPECTROMETRY COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS, ETC. Mass Spectrometery Courses & Lectures INTRODUCTION TO MASS SPECTROMETRY (MS) - L. Gruber, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany Multimedia Mass Spectrometery Lectures (Text & Images). Mass Spectrometery "...Mass spectrometers use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them from each other. Mass spectrometry is therefore useful for quantitation of atoms or molecules and also for determining chemical and structural information about molecules..." Mass Spectrometry Lectures include Introduction; Instrumentation: Ionization Methods & Ion Detectors; Common Mass Analyzer Designs "...Magnetic-sector MS; Quadrupole MS; Time-of-flight MS & Trappped-Ion MS; etc..." Interpretation of Mass Spectras; etc..." For more information see Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR CHROMATOGRAPHERS - J.K. Hardy, Department of Chemistry, Buchtel College of Arts and Sciences, University of Akron MultimediaMass Spectrometry for Chromatographers Course (Text, Images & Animations). Mass Spectrometry for Chromatographers "...is designed as an introduction to the use of a Mass Spectrometer as a GC detector...." Mass Spectrometry for Chromatographers Subject Categories include "...The Mass Spec Detector; Mass Spectral Interpretation; GC/MS Data; etc..." For more information see The Virtual Classroom; HORDENET; James K. Hardy's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MASS SPECTROMETRY & CHROMATOGRAPHY (CHEM 5181) - Jose-Luis Jimenez and Joel Kimmel, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Course "...Mass spectrometry, including instrumentation, ionization techniques, and interpretation of mass spectra. Analytical separation processes, with special reference to the theory and practice of liquid and gas chromatography..." Examples of Mass Spectrometry Lectures include "...Introduction to Mass Spectrometry; Mass Analyzers I (TOFMS, Quadrupoles, Ion Traps, FTICR, Orbitrap); Ionization Techniques; etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mass Spectrometery Calculators, Tools, Applets FTICR CALCULATOR - Amster Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia VERY EXTENSIVE. FTICR Calculators include: "...Cyclotron Frequency Calculator; Fourier-Limited Mass Resolution Calculator; Transient Length Required for a Desired Mass Resolution Calculator; Low Mass Limit in Broadband Mode Calculator; Set Mass Range in Narrowband Mode Calculator; Transient Length, Number of Data Points, Bandwidth Calculator..." For more information see the Amster Research Group MASS SPECTROMETRY TOOLS - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Department of Chemistry Some examples of Mass Spectrometry Calculators include Fragment Finder Fragment Finder Calculator "...finds the possible formulas that match a given molar mass..." Isotope Cluster Isotope Cluster Calculator "...calculates the isotope pattern for a given molecular formula. It includes 3rd and 4th period representative and transition metal elements..." Metal Complex Finder Metal Complex Finder Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Metal 1 & 2 (Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, etc.); Ligand 1 (OAc, CO3, ox, tartrate, cit, acac); Ligand 2 (tris, Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, etc.); Accessory Ligand 1 (NH3, H2O, OH, F, Cl, Br, etc.); Accessory Ligand 2; Accessory Ligand 3; Counter Ion; etc..." Pentanucleotide Mass Finder Pentanucleotide Mass Finder Calculator "...finds oligonucleotide sequences that match an input m/z. The oligonucleotide can have up to 5 bases. The nucleotides can be in their hydrogen or alkali metal ion forms..." Tripeptide Mass Finder Cross-linker Calculator "...Finds all possible cross links, digests the proteins, and lists the monoisotopic mass of each cross-linked peptide..." MASS SPECTROMETRY & BEYNON TABLE (JAVA APPLET) - D.N. Blauch, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College VERY EXTENSIVE. Mass Spectrometry Calculator & Beynon Table "...computes high resolution molecular masses and isotope peak abundances for ions and generates a Beynon table for a given mass number..." For more information see Chemistry Resources at Davidson College; Chemistry Experiments and Exercises; David N. Blauch or the Department of Chemistry MASS SPECTROMETRY ADDUCT CALCULATOR - O. Fiehn, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis VERY EXTENSIVE. Mass Spectrometry Adduct Calculator "...allows you to identify some adduct ions from ESI-MS (electrospray) mass spectrometry measurements or other soft ionization techniques like CI-MS or FI-MS or FD-MS or APCI-MS..." For more information see Metabolomics or the Fiehn Research Laboratory or the UC Davis Genome Center MASS SPECTRUM ISOTROPE PATTERN CALCULATOR - A.K. Brisdon, Fluorine Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, U.K. Mass Spectrum Isotope Pattern Calculator calculates "...the mass spectrum isotope pattern for a compound or complex..." For more information see Chemistry Research Tool; Fluorine Chemistry, Alan Brisdon's Home Page or the School of Chemistry MASSSPECTATOR CALCULATOR: ADVANCED SYNTHETIC POLYMER MASS SPECTRAL DATA ANALYSIS - Center for Theoretical and Computational Materials Science, NIST VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. MassSpectator Calculator "...is a mathematical method that locates, and calculates the area beneath, peaks from mass spectra using only reproducible mathematical operations and no user-selected parameters. It makes no assumptions about peak shape and requires no smoothing or preprocessing of the data..." "...The input files must be simple ASCII text files of two columns: one for mass and one for ion intensity..." For more information see MassSpectator Calculator or the Center for Theoretical and Computational Materials Science ISOTOPE DISTRIBUTION CALCULATOR - Developed by J.J. Manura & D.J. Manura,, Scientific Instrument Services Isotope Distribution Calculator calculates "...the mass isotopes and their relative intensities and display the data both in chart or tabular form as well as in a mass spectrum chart form..." For more information see Mass Spec Tools or Scientific Instrument Services NUCLEIC ACIDS MASSPEC TOOLBOX - J.A. McCloskey, P.F. Crain, & J. Rozenski, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Huntsman Cancer Institute Some examples of Nucleic Acids Massspec Calculators include Mongo Oligo Mass Calculator Oligonucleotide Mass Calculator "...includes mass calculation of oligonucleotides, CID fragments, endo- and exonuclease digestion. It contains extra output options and utilities for handling the input sequence and user residue assignment..." Oligo Composition Calculator Oligo Composition Calculator "...Finds nucleotide compositions from a given mass. User defined residues can be included..."

NMR & MRI SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS & APPLETS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS & APPLETS NMR & MRI RELATED CENTERS FOR NMR & MRI COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. SEE NMR & MRI FOR NMR PERIODICAL TABLES SEE PERIODICAL TABLES: NMR APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY: NMR - Guillermo Moyna, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (USP), Philadelphia, PA Multimedia Advanced NMR Spectroscopy Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Advanced NMR Spectroscopy Course include "...Introduction and Background Concepts; Data Aqcuisition and Relaxation; 1D Pulse Secuences; Polarization Transfer; Spin-Spin Coupling Analysis; 2D NMR Spectroscopy; NMR of Proteins; etc..." For more information see the Guillermo Moyna's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry WEBSPECTRA: PROBLEMS IN NMR AND IR SPECTROSCOPY - C.A. Merlic, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Division of Physical Sciences, UCLA Multimedia Problems NMR & IR Spectroscopy Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Problems NMR & IR Spectroscopy "...Interpretation of spectra is a technique that requires practice - this site provides 1H NMR and 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY and IR spectra of various compounds for students to interpret..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry NMR AND MRI RELATED TOOLS - SpectroscopyNow.com, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the SpectroscopyNow.com Examples of NMR Calculators & MRI Calculators include Pulse Length/Power Level & Pulse length/field strength Calculators Pulse Length/Power Level Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pulse Length Measured; Measured at Power Level; Pulse Length or Power Level..." Pulse Length/Field Strength Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pulse Length or Field Strength..." Generalized Karplus Calculator Generalized Karplus Calculator INPUT Values include: "...To calculate a coupling constant for a given dihedral angle (q) simply change the value in the form. To change the equation either type in the new coefficients or select a Karplus equation from the list..." NMR Temperature Measurements Calculator NMR Temperature Measurements Calculator INPUT Values include: "...fill out the proton frequency and the frequency difference between two selected peaks depending from the thermometer used..." NMR SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY VERY VERYK...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Department of Chemistry Some examples of NMR Spectroscopy Tools & Calculators include 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Functional Group (H, R- alkyl, R2C=CR-alkene, F, Cl, Br, etc...); Alpha Substituents; Beta Substituents; Gamma Substituents..." JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Simulation JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Operating Frequency; Environment (Shift-ppm; Number of Spins); Coupling Constants..." ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY LECTURES, TEACHING MDOULES, CALCULATORS, VIDEOS, ETC. ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY - Michael A. Nichols, Organic and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, Ohio Multimedia Organic Spectroscopy Video Lectures & PDF Lectures (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Organic Spectroscopy Video Lectures include "...Introduction and IR Spectoscopy Video Lecture; Mass Spectoscopy Video Lecture; UV/VIS Spectoscopy Video Lecture; Proton NMR Spectoscopy Video Lecture; Carbon-13 NMR Spectoscopy Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see CH224 Organic II Laboratory Home Page; Michael A. Nichols Home Page or the Department of Chemistry RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY LECTURES, TEACHING MDOULES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. ASSIGNING SPECTRA (FLASH) - M. Anderson, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, U.K. Multimedia Spectra Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Animations). Assigning Spectra "...an interactive tutorial on the analysis of IR and Raman Spectra using Group Theoretical methods..." Spectra Teaching Modules include: "...Selection Rules; Symmetry; Assigning Spectra; etc..." For more information see the Virtual Chemistry - Virtual Laboratory or Department of Chemistry ROTATIONAL RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (JAVA APPLETS) - H. Cartwright, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, U.K. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Rotational Raman Spectroscopy "...This experiment is based around interaction with a computer simulation of a Raman spectrum..." For more information see 6.05 Computational Raman Spectroscopy; Undergraduate Experiments: Second/Third Year Experiments; Undergraduate Practical Course in Physical Chemistry; Hugh Cartwright's Home Page or the Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Lab An example of Raman Spectroscopy Calculators include: Rotational Raman Spectroscopy Rigid Rotor Model Calculator Rotational Raman Spectroscopy Rigid Rotor Model Calculator "...uses the Rigid Rotor model to simulate the Rotational Raman Spectrum of an hypothetical molecule, excited with a 333nm laser...." RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, CALCULATORS, ETC. RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING SPECROMETRY - Evans Analytical Group Multimedia Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry Teaching Modules include: "...Kinematics; Scattering Cross Sections; Metal Silicide Example; Layer Thickness Measurements; Elemental Concentrations; Straggling; Channeling; Density Effects; etc..." For more information see Surface Analysis or the Evans Analytical Group SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY CALCULATORS & APPLETS SECONDARY ION MASS LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY - Evans Analytical Group Multimedia Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Teaching Modules include: "...Ion Beam Sputtering; Sputtering Effects; Secondary Ion Energy Distributions; Secondary Ion Yields; Relative Sensitivity Factors; RSF Tables; Depth Profiling; Depth Resolution; Bulk Analysis; Mass Spectra; Mass Interferences; Ion Imaging; etc..." For more information see Surface Analysis or the Evans Analytical Group

SPECTROSCOPY DATA VIEWERS & DATABASES Infrared and Raman Spectra Databases COMPUTED SPECTRAL DATA 3D-VISUALIZAION (COMSPEC 3D) - F. Oellien & Wolf-D. Ihlenfeldt, The J. Gasteiger Research Group, Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Multimedia Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Computed Spectral Data 3D-Visualization (ComSpec3D) "...is an online service for the calculation and visualization of Infrared and Raman spectra and their corresponding normal modes..." "...All data related to the IR and raman spectra like frequencies and normal modes are based on quantum-mechanical calculations performed with the semi-empircal programm VAMP (PM3 method)..." For more information see Services; Techniques for Organic Reactions, Visualization, and Spectroscopy; Computer-Chemie-Centrum (Computer Chemistry Center) or the Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry) RAMAN SPECTRA DATABASE OF MINERALS AND INORGANIC MATERIALS (RASMIN) - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan Multimedia Raman Spectra Database of Minerals and Inorganic Materials (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English & Japanese. Raman Spectra Database of Minerals and Inorganic Materials "...Raman spectroscopy can offer valuable information on the physics and the chemistry of materials, such as phase transition, lattice dynamics, chemical reaction, identification, and more..." Raman Spectra Database of Minerals and Inorganic Materials Database includes: "... spectrum images in PDF format, wavenumber-intensity data in ASCII text, and mineral photos in JPEG format, etc..." For more information see Research Information Data Base or the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Molecular Spectral Databases MOLECULAR SPECTRAL DATABASE: DIATOMIC, TRIATOMIC & HYDROCARBON SPECTRAL DATABASES - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Molecular Spectral Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Molecular Spectral Databases include the "...Diatomic Spectral Database; Triatomic Spectral Database & the Hydrocarbon Spectral Database..." "...Each of the databases covers primarily the microwave region with some data available for the radio frequency region..." "...Rotational spectral lines for 121 diatomic molecules, 55 triatomic molecules, and 91 hydrocarbon molecules have been tabulated. The isotopic molecular species, assigned quantum numbers, observed frequency, estimated measurement uncertainty, and reference are given..." For more information see the NIST Physics Laboratory Physical Reference Data or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NMR Spectra: Organic Structures Databases NMRSHIFTDB - Hosted by the: Cologne University Bioinformatics Center; Sponsored by: Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) & Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., (ACD/Labs) Multimedia Organic Structures Database (Text, Images & 3D Modeling). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. NMRShiftDB "...is a NMR database (web database) for organic structures and their nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra. It allows for spectrum prediction (13C, 1H and other nuclei) as well as for searching spectra, structures and other properties..." NMRShiftDB includes over "19,000" structures and over "23,000" spectra..." NMR Spectra: Proteins, Peptides, Nucleic Acids Databases BIOLOGICAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE DATA BANK (BMRB) - Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Multimedia NMR Spectroscopic Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank is a "...Repository for Data from NMR Spectroscopy on Proteins, Peptides, and Nucleic Acids..." Biological Magnetic Resonance Data includes: Macromolecular types "...1H Chemical Shifts; 13C Chemical Shifts; 15N Chemical Shifts; 31P Chemical Shifts; Coupling Constants; Dipolar Couplings; Heteronuclear NOE Values; H-Exchange Rates; etc..." NMR Spectral Parameters; Kinetics; Thermodynamics; Restraints; Structure; Time-domain sets; Solid-state NMR..." For more information see Department of Biochemistry Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SPECTRAL DATA BASE SYSTEM FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SDBS) - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan Multimedia Spectral Database for Organic Compounds Database (Text & Images). In English & Japanese. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds Database "...is an integrated spectral database system for organic compounds, which includes 6 different types of spectra under a directory of the compounds. The six spectra are as follows Electron Impact Mass spectrum (EI-MS); Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR); 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum; 13C NMR Spectrum; Laser Raman Spectrum; Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectrum..." Spectral Database for Organic Compounds Database INPUT Values include: Search by: "...Compound Name; Molecular Formula; Molecular Weight; CAS Registry Number; SDBS Number; etc..." For more information see Research Information Data Base or the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Databases X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) DATABASE - C.D. Wagner, A.V. Naumkin, A. Kraut-Vass, J.W. Allison, C.J. Powell, J.R. Rumble Jr., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database "...contains over 22,000 line positions, chemical shifts, doublet splittings, and energy separations of photoelectron and Auger-electron lines..." For more information see NIST Standard Reference Data Web Server; NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Spectrum Analysis SPECTRAL ANALYSIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SPECTRAL MODELS: INTERACTIVE EXPERIMENTS (JAVA APPLETS) - Agilent Technologies VERY EXTENSIVE. Spectrum Analysis Amplitude & Frequency Modulation "...discusses the measurement of amplitude and frequency modulated signals using a spectrum analyzer. The basic theory behind AM and FM modulation including time and frequency domain representations is presented..." For more information see Agilent Technologies Statistical Mechanics STATISTICAL MECHANICS COURSES, LECTURES & TEXTBOOKS Statistical Mechanics Textbooks STATISTICAL MECHANICS: ENTROPY, ORDER PARAMETERS, AND COMPLEXITY (PDF) - James P. Sethna, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University & Published by Claredon Press, Oxford, 2008 Multimedia Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity Textbook - 371 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity "...This text is careful to address the interests and back ground not only of physicists, but of sophisticated students and researchers in mathematics, biology, engineering, computer science, and the social sciences...." Examples of "Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity" Textbook Chapters include "...What is statistical mechanics?; Temperature and equilibrium; Entropy; Free energies; Quantum statistical mechanics; Order parameters, broken symmetry, and topology; Abrupt phase transitions; etc..." For more information see James P. Sethna's Home Page; Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physicsor the Department of Physics Statistical Mechanics Courses & Lectures STATISTICAL MECHANICS - Mark E. Tuckerman, Department of Chemistry and the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University Multimedia Statistical Mechanics Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Statistical Mechanics "...provies the connection between microscopic motion of individual atoms of matter and macroscopically observable properties such as temperature, pressure, entropy, free energy, heat capacity, chemical potential, viscosity, spectra, reaction rates, etc..." Examples from over "27" Statistical Mechanics Lectures include "...Classical microstates, Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, ensemble concept; Liouville's Theorem, non-Hamiltonian systems, the microcanonical ensemble; Estimators, energy fluctuations, the isothermal-isobaric ensemble; Structure and distribution functions in classical liquids and gases; Distribution functions and perturbation theory; Basic principles of quantum statistical mechanics; The generalized Langevin equation and vibrational dephasing; etc..." For more information see Mark E. Tuckerman's Home Page; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences or the Department of Chemistry STATISTICAL MECHANICS - G. Refael, Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, The Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Multimedia Statistical Mechanics Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Statistical Mechanics" Course Lectures include "...Microcanonical ensemble, free spins, laws of thermodynamics, negative temperature; Canonical ensemble, Boltzmann factor, partition function, von Neumann entropy; Ergodic principle, fluctuation and heat capacity, free energy and its derivatives; Ideal gases; Chemical potential, grand cannonical ensemble; Ideal gas in the grand-canonical ensemble, thermodynamic potentials; Gibbs-Duhem relation, partial derivatives; Thermodynamics of magnetic systems; Quantum Statistical Mechanics; Quantum gases and Fermions; Bose-Einstein conensation and the dilute Bose gas; First-order (specifically, the liquid-gas) phase transitions; etc..." For more information see Gil Refael's Home Page or the Condensed Matter Physics STATISTICAL MECHANICS II (PHYSIS 212) - J. Moore, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, & the Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Multimedia Statistical Mechanics II Course - PDF (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Example from over "20" Statistical Mechanics Lectures include Collisional equilibria. Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian systems; BBGKY hierarchy of evolution equations for n-particle distribution functions; Hydrodynamics; Correlation functions. Intro to rescaling; Landau theory. Ginzburg criterion. Critical exponents. Scaling hypothesis; Scaling hypothesis and rescaling transformations; Blume-Capel model: using RG to guess phase diagrams. 2D Ising self-duality; Gaussian model; etc..." For more information see More Group or the Department of Physics

Steam Properties STEAM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS STEAM PROPERTIES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM (WEBMATHEMATICA) - B.G. Higgins, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Properties of Water and Steam Calculator "...allows you to determine the thermodynamic properties of steam. It uses the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam..." Properties of Water & Steam Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Pressure..." Properties of Water & Steam Properties Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Enthalpy; Internal Energy; Entropy; Specific Volume; Density; Isobaric Heat Capacity; etc..." For more information see webMathematica in Chemical Engineering; Brian G. Higgins' Home Page or the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM (WEBMATHEMATICA) - B.G. Higgins, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator "...allows you to determine the thermodynamic properties of saturated steam. It uses the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam..." Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Saturation Temperature (T) or Saturation Pressure (P); Units (SI or English)..." Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Steam Saturation Curve (P vs. T); Steam Property; Value; Units..." For more information see webMathematica in Chemical Engineering; Brian G. Higgins' Home Page or the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID SYSTEMS (JAVA APPLETS) - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems Calculator INPUT Values include: Species of Interest "...Water; Nitrogen; Hydrogen; Parahydrogen; Deuterium; Oxygen, Fluorine; Carbon monoxide; Carbon dioxide; Dinitrogen Monoxide; Deuterium oxide; Methanol; Methane; Ethane; Ethene; Propane; Propene; Propyne; Cyclopropane; Butane; etc..." Units "...Temperature; Pressure; Denstiy; Energy; Velocity; Viscosity; Surface Tension..." Type of Data "...Isothermal Properties; Isobaric Properties; Isochoric Properties; Saturation Properties..." Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems Calculator OUTPUT values include: Fluid Data; Auxiliary Data "...Internal Energy; Entropy; Critical Temperature; Critical Pressure; Critical Density; Acentric Factor; Normal Boiling Point; Dipole Moment..." etc. For more information see Chemistry WebBook; NIST WebBook; NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) STEAM TABLES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM CALCULATORS & APPLETS THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID SYSTEMS CALCULATORS & APPLETS THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER VAPOR CALCULATORS & APPLETS THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM (WEBMATHEMATICA) - B.G. Higgins, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator "...allows you to determine the thermodynamic properties of saturated steam. It uses the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam..." Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Saturation Temperature (T) or Saturation Pressure (P); Units (SI or English)..." Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Steam Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Steam Saturation Curve (P vs. T); Steam Property; Value; Units..." For more information see webMathematica in Chemical Engineering; Brian G. Higgins' Home Page or the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID SYSTEMS (JAVA APPLETS) - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems Calculator INPUT Values include: Species of Interest "...Water; Nitrogen; Hydrogen; Parahydrogen; Deuterium; Oxygen, Fluorine; Carbon monoxide; Carbon dioxide; Dinitrogen Monoxide; Deuterium oxide; Methanol; Methane; Ethane; Ethene; Propane; Propene; Propyne; Cyclopropane; Butane; etc..." Units "...Temperature; Pressure; Denstiy; Energy; Velocity; Viscosity; Surface Tension..." Type of Data "...Isothermal Properties; Isobaric Properties; Isochoric Properties; Saturation Properties..." Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems Calculator OUTPUT values include: Fluid Data; Auxiliary Data "...Internal Energy; Entropy; Critical Temperature; Critical Pressure; Critical Density; Acentric Factor; Normal Boiling Point; Dipole Moment..." etc. For more information see Chemistry WebBook; NIST WebBook; NIST Online Scientific Databases or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Stoichiometric Calculations STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS CALCULATORS & APPLETS STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (WEBMATHEMATICA) - B.G. Higgins, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, University of California, Davis VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions Calculator (Stoichiometry Calculator) "...allows the user to specify the molecular species that particpate in a reaction (reactants and products). From this information the constraints on the reaction rates are determined that satisfy global stoichiometry..." For more information see webMathematica in Chemical Engineering; Brian G. Higgins' Home Page or the Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science STOICHIOMETRY SOLVER (JAVA APPLET) - R. Hammer, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison VERY EXTENSIVSE. Stoichiometry Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Stock Solution; Desired Concentration; Volume; Volume of Stock Solution..." For more information see Interactive Chemistry; Hamers Group or the Department of Chemistry PYROTECHNIC STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATORS & APPLETS PYROTECHNIC STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - C. Benton, Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Bath University, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. Pyrotechnic Stoichiometry Calculator INPUT Values include: Select Fuel "...Antimony Trisulphide; Dextrin; Hexamine; Potassium Benzoate; etc..." Select Oxidiser "...Ammonium Perchlorate; Barium Peroxide; Chromium (III) Oxide; Lead (II,IV) Oxide; Potassium Perchlorate; etc..." For more information see Chris Benton's Home Page or the Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials

Surface Science SURFACE SCIENCE COURSES & LECTURES WITH ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Undergraduate Surface Chemistry Courses & Lectures AN INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE CHEMISTRY - R. Nix, Surface Chemistry, Catalysis, Nanostructures and Solid Interfaces, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, U.K. Multimedia Surface Chemistry Course (Text, Images & Animations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Surface Chemistry "...the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid-liquid interfaces, solid-gas interfaces, solid-vacuum interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics..." Examples of Surface Chemistry Chapters & Subchapters include: Structure of Metallic Surfaces "...Surface Structures; Energetics of Surfaces; Particulate Metals; etc..." Adsorption of Molecules on Surfaces "...How do Molecules Bond to Surfaces?; Kinetics of Adsorption; Adsorbate Geometries & Structures; etc..." The Langmuir Isotherm "...Derivation-from Equilibrium Considerations; Variation of Surface Coverage with T & P; etc..." Surface Analytical Techniques "...Surface Sensitivity & Specificity; Auger Electron Spectroscopy; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Vibrational Spectroscopy; Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy; Temperature Programmed Techniques; etc...." Surface Imaging & Depth Profiling "...Electron Microscopy-SEM & SAM; Imaging XPS; SIMS Imaging & Depth Profiling; Auger Depth Profiling; Scanning Probe Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Surface Science or the School of Biological & Chemical Sciences ATOMS & MOLECULES AT SURFACES - P. Moriarty, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, U.K. Multimedia Surface Physics Course (Text, Images & Animations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Atoms & Molecules at Surfaces "...covers the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of atoms and molecules at surfaces from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints..." Examples of Atoms & Molecules at Surfaces Chapters & Subchapters include: Surface Structure "...Basic Surface Thermodynamics; Crystal Planes & Surfaces; Relaxation, Reconstruction & Surface Crystallography; Defects at Surfaces; etc...." Ultra High Vacuums/UHV "...Kinetic Theory: Revision, Mean Free Path and Impingement Rates; Pressure Measurement; etc..." Adsorption & Growth "...Physisorption; Chemisorption; Nucleation and Thin Film Growth; etc..." Surface States "...Free Electrons, Jellium and the Work Function; Tight Binding Model; Semiconductors and Surface States: Band Bending & Electron Counting; etc..." Techniques for Surface Analysis "...Chemical Analysis; Structural Analysis; Vibrational Spectroscopies; Electron Spectrometers; etc..." Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy "...Electron Tunnelling and Basic STM Operation; STM Design and Instrumentation; etc...." For more information see Philip Moriarty's Home Page or the School of Physics & Astronomy SURFACE ANALYSIS & MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION - Evans Analytical Group Multimedia Surface Analytical Techniques Course, Teaching Modules, Applications, Presentations (Text, Images & Animations). Surface Analytical Techniques provides "...in-depth information on the theory and instrumentation in three key materials characterization techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), and Auger Electron Spectrometry (AES)..." For more information see Evans Analytical Group Examples of Surface Analysis Techniques Teaching Modules, Presentations & Applications include Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Theory Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry Theory Auger Electron Spectrometry Theory ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY: QUANTITATIVE ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY - W. Werner, Surface & Plasma Technology, Institut für Allgemeine Physik, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Multimedia Quantitative Electron Spectroscopy: Electron Spectroscopy Techniques Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Electron Spectroscopy Techniques "...are nowadays widely used for surface analysis. Signal electrons in electron spectroscopy have energies characteristic for the elements from which they are emitted. Often, the energy is even characteristic for the chemical state of the emitting atoms. Furthermore, the photionization process provides detailed insight in the electonic and magnetic structure of solid surfaces. Finally,..." Electron Spectroscopy Techniques Teaching Modules include: "...Elastic Electron Scattering; Inelastic Electron Scattering; Surface Sensitivity of Electron Beam Techniques; The Auger Effect; The Photoelectric Effect; X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS); Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES); Elastic Peak Electron Spectroscopy (EPES); etc..." For more information see Wolfgang Werner's Home Page; Surface and Plasma Technology or the Institut für Allgemeine Physik Graduate Surface Chemistry Courses & Lectures SURFACES AND THIN FILMS - J.A. Venables, Department of Physics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University; and Honorary Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, U.K. Multimedia Surfaces and Thin Films Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Surfaces and Thin Films Chapters & Subchapters include: Introduction to Surface Processes "...Surface Physics; Surface Energies and the Wulff Theorem; Kinetics versus Thermodynamics; Surface Reconstructions; etc..." Surfaces in Vacuum: UHV Techniques "...Kinetic Theory Concepts; Vacuum Concepts; UHV Hardware..." Techniques for Examining Surfaces "...Classification of Surface and Microscopy Techniques; Diffraction and Quasi-Elastic Scattering; Techniques for Chemical Analysis; Quantification of Auger Spectra; Microscopy-Spectroscopy: SEM, SAM, SPM, etc..." Electric and Magnetic Processes at Metal Surfaces "...Free Electron Theories and the Workfunction; Electron Emission Phenomena; Magnetic Processes at Surfaces; Conduction Processes at Surface; etc..." For more information see Graduate Course: Surfaces and Thin Films; Graduate Courses and Web-based Talks; John A. Venable's Home Page or the Department of Physics SURFACE SCIENCE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SURFACE STRUCTURE, DEPOSITION & ABSORPTION CALCULATOR - Surface Physics, Institut für Allgemeine Physik, Vienna University of Technology, Austria VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Surface Structure, Deposition & Adsorption Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Element; Lattice Type; Lattice constant a; Surface orientation; Depostion of (Element; Density; Atomic/molecular mass); etc..." For more information see Surface Physics or the Institut für Allgemeine Physik CRYSTAL SURFACE ANALYSIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FOR CRYSTAL SURFACE ANALYSIS CALCULATORS & DATABASES SEE CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SURFACE SCIENCE DATABASES FOR RELATED DATABASES SEE CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS DATABASES FOR RELATED CALCULATORS/DATABASES SEE SPECTROSCOPY FOR RELATED CALCULATORS/DATABASES SEE MICROSCOPY AUGER PARAMETER ENERGIES - UK Surface Analysis Forum Multimedia Auger Parameters Energies Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Auger Parameters Energies Database "...contains the energies of the principal photoemission and Auger lines and their corresponding Auger parameters for most of the elements. Most entries include values for the element in many different chemical states..." For more information see Surface Science Databases or the