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METEROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, WEATHER, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY & ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS Meteorology Dictionaries, Courses, Textbooks & Lectures Atmosphere, Meteorology, Weather Lessons with Calculators, Applets, Simulations, etc. Climatology Courses, Lectures, etc. Atmospheric Chemistry Dictionaries, Courses, Databases, Lectures, etc. Atmospheric Physics Courses, Databases, Lectures, etc. Atmospheric Measurement Instruments: GPS; Radar; Remote Sensing; Weather Station Instruments; Aircraft: Hurricane Reconnaissance, Airborne Instruments; Satellites & Their Instruments (AQUA, GOES, etc.); etc. Courses, Lectures, Databases, Real-Time Applications, Calculators, etc. Weather Balloons, Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations Buoy Data ~ Carbon Cycle Carbon Emission & Atmospheric Pollution ~ Climate Dynamics ~ Clouds Drought ~ El Niño & La Niña ~ Global Weather Databases ~ Hurricanes ~ Hydraulic Jumps Lifting CondensationLevels ~ Lightning ~ Marine Weather Ozone Data, Aerosol Index, Single-wavelength UV Irradiance Data, Daily Erythemal UV Exposure, Reflectivity Data, Tropospheric Ozone Data, Volcano Sulfur Dioxide Data Potential Temperature ~ Pressure Sunrise, Sunset & Tide Thunderstorms ~ Tornadoes - Enhanced Fujita Scale Tsunamis ~ Wind Chill Chemistry Center (Courses, Lectures, Databases, Calculators, Videos, etc.) Geoscience Center (Courses, Lectures, Databases, Calculators, Videos, etc.) Calculators On-Line Center

Meteorology METEOROLOGY DICTIONARIES & GLOSSARIES NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLOSSARY - National Weather Service, NOAA Multimedia National Weather Service Glossary (Text & Images). National Weather Service Glossary "...This glossary contains information on more than 2000 terms, phrases and abbreviations used by the NWS. Many of these terms and abbreviations are used by NWS forecasters to communicate between each other and have been in use for many years and before many NWS products were directly available to the public..." For more information see the National Weather Service GLOSSARY OF METEOROLOGY - American Meteorology Society, Hosted by: Allen Press, Inc. Multimedia Glossary of Meteorology (Text & Images). Glossary of Meteorology "...electronic version of the second edition of the Glossary with more than 12,000 terms..." For more information see the American Meteorology Society METEOROLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. Meteorology Courses with Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound METEOROLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING (METED) - Meteorology Education & Training (MetEd), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Multimedia Meteorology Courses (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Registration is Free. Available in English, Spanish/Español, French/Français & Russian. Examples of "Meteorology Education & Training" Courses include Aviation Weather; Climate; Coastal Weather; Convective Weather; Fire Weather; Fog and Low Stratus; Hurricanes/Tropical; Hydrology/Flooding; Marine Met/Oceans; NWP Modeling; Radar Meteorology; Satellite Meteorology; Space Weather; etc..." For more information see the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Introduction to Meteorology Courses with Calculators, Animations, Simulations AIR QUALITY METEOROLOGY - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Multimedia Air Quality Meteorology Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Air Quality Meteorology Course "...The goal of this course is to introduce participants to the basic concepts of meteorology and air quality necessary to understand meteorological computer models..." For more information see Air Quality Meteorology or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Examples from "8" "Air Quality Meteorology" Course Chapters include Composition and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Composition and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere "...a basic introduction to the composition and vertical structure of the earth's atmosphere. It discusses the classification and origin of the many atmospheric components, including the growing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and the threats they pose to us and our environment..." Atmospheric Stability Atmospheric Stability "...Sustained vertical motion in the atmosphere can result in turbulent mixing and produce violent storms . In this session we will discuss the characteristics of a stable versus an unstable atmosphere and explore several methods that are used to determine atmospheric stability..." WEATHER SCHOOL (JETSTREAM) - National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Multimedia Weather Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. JetStream "...The information contained in JetStream is arranged by subject; beginning with global and large scale weather patterns followed by lessons on air masses, wind patterns, cloud formations, thunderstorms, lightning, hail, damaging winds, tornados, tropical storms, cyclones and flooding. Interspersed in JetStream are "Learning Lessons" which can be used to enhance the educational experience..." Examples of the National Weather Service's "Weather School" Course Subject Categories include "...The Atomosphere; The Ocean; Global Circulations; Synoptic Meteorology; Thunderstorms; Lightning; Tropical Weather; Remote Sensing; etc..." For more information see JetStream - Online School for Weather Home Pages or the National Weather Service Weather Observation and Analysis Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, etc. WEATHER OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS (ATMO 251) - J.W Nielsen-Gammon, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Geosciences, Texas A&M University Multimedia Weather Observation and Analysis Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Weather Observation and Analysis" Course Chapters include "...Point Observations; Creating a Hand Analysis; Soundings; Coordinate Systems; Vertical Motion.; Geostrophic Wind; Imbalance; Fronts and Frontogenesis; etc..." For more information see John Nielsen-Gammon's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Meteorology Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, etc. DESERT METEOROLOGY (ATOC 4750) - J. Cassano, Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Desert Meteorology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Desert Meteorology" Course Chapters include "...Definition of Desert; Climatic Causes of Aridity; Radiation; Atmospheric and Surface Energy Budgets of Deserts; Surface Physics of Deserts; Desert Boundary Layers; Desert Microclimates; Severe Weather in the Desert; etc..." For more information see Desert Meteorology Home Page; John Cassano's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences

METEOROLOGY LESSONS WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS METEOROLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATMOSPHERE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Weather & Climate Lessons with Calculators & Applets WEATHER WISE: WEATHER EDUCATION APPLETS - S. Ackerman & T. Whittaker, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Weather Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Weather & Climate Home Page; AOS Courses; Weather & Climate Home Page or Weather Wise Some examples from over "30" Weather Calculators, Applets & Simulations include Precipitation Applet Thunderstorm Applet Thermodiagram Applet: what it takes to make a thundershower Snowflake Applet: Make snowflakes using different crystals Altimeter Applet: Practice setting your altimeter Contour Analysis Applet METEOROLOGY: UNDERSTANDING THE ATMOSPHERE (JAVA APPLETS) - T. Whittaker & S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Meteorology Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere or WeatherWise Examples from over "30" Meteorology Calculators, Applets & Simulations include Correcting Surface Pressure Calculator Radiant Energy Curves Applet Identifying Air Massess Applet Contrails Applet INTRODUCTORY METEOROLOGY MODULES (JAVA APPLETS) - G.J. Carbonee, Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts, University of South Carolina Multimedia Meteorology Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Geography 202: Introduction to Weather and Climate - Lab; G.J. Carbone's Home Page or the Department of Geography Examples of "Meteorology" Lessons with Animations & Simulations include Earth-Sun Geometry Applet Longwave Radiation Applet Saturation Vapor Pressure Applet Weather Calculators & Applets - All Inclusive THE WEATHER CALCULATOR - T. Brice & T. Hall, El Paso Area, Southern Region Headquarters, National Weather Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see El Paso Area or the Southern Region Headquarters Some examples from over "19" Weather Calculators include Temperature Conversions: Heat Index Calculator Heat Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Relative Humidity..." Moisture Conversions: Vapor Pressure Calculator Vapor Pressure Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air Temperature; Dewpoint..." Vapor Pressure Calculator output values include: "...Saturated Vapor Pressure; Actual Vapor Pressure; Relative Humidity..." Moisture Conversions: Mixing Ratio Calculator Mixing Ratio Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air Temperature; Dewpoint; Station Pressure..." Pressure Conversions: Altimeter Setting Calculator Altimeter Setting Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Station Elevation; Station Pressure..." Showalter Index - Calculator Showalter Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...500 Millibar Parcel Temperature; 500 Millibar Environmental Temperature..." Wind Speed Conversion Wind Speed Conversion Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Wind Speed (mph, knots, m/sec, ft/sec, km/h)..." WEATHER CALCULATORS - Milt Kooyman, SAIC, Shaw OWS, Det 1, 18th, Weather Squadron, U.S. Army Transportation Service, Fort Eustis, Virginia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Weather Calculators include: "...Distance Conversion Calculator; Speed Conversion Calculator; Pressure Conversion Calculator; Surface: Cross Wind Calculator, Head Wind Calculator, Tail Wind Calculator; Flight Level: Cross Wind Calculator, Head Wind Calculator, Tail Wind Calculator; Relative Humidity Calculator; Heat Stress Index Calculator; Height and Temperature D-Val Calculator; etc..." For more information see Det 1, 18th, Weather Squadron TEMPERATURE, DEWPOINT OR RELATIVE HUMIDITY CALCULATOR - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Air Density Calculators & Applets AIR DENSITY AND DENSITY ALTITUDE CALCULATORS - R. Shelquist, Longmont, Colorado VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Density Altitude "...The density altitude is the altitude at which the density of the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is the same as the density of the air being evaluated. (The Standard Atmosphere is simply a mathematical model of the atmosphere which is standardized so that predictable calculations can be made.). So, the basic idea of calculating density altitude is to calculate the actual density of the air, and then find the altitude at which that same air density occurs in the Standard Atmosphere. Air Density Calculators & Density Altitude Calculators include: "...Saturated Vapor Press Calculator; Density Altitude Calculator; Virtual Temperature Calculator; Altimeter Setting to Actual Pressure Calculator; etc..." For more information see Calculators or Richard Shelquist Home Page Air Density Calculators & Density Altitude Calculators include Density Altitude Calculator - Using Dew Point Density Altitude Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Air Temperature; Altimeter Setting; Dew Point..." Density Altitude Calculator - Using Relative Humidity Density Altitude Calculator - Using Relative Humidity INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Air Temperature; Altimeter Setting; Relative Humidity..." Atmosphere Calculators & Applets ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES CALCULATOR - Aerospaceweb.org VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Properties Calculator "...computes conditions of the atmosphere, airspeed conversions, and basic aerodynamic quantities on a reference body. The calculator is based on methods documented in the official U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. This version includes the lower atmosphere below an altitude of 53.4 miles (86 km)..." Atmospheric Properties Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Unit System; Altitude; Temperature Increment; Velocity; Reference Length..." Atmospheric Properties Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Geometric Altitude; Geopotential Altitude; Acceleration of Gravity; Mean Molecular Weight; Kinetic Temperature; Molecular Temperature; Pressure; Density; Dynamic Viscosity; Kinematic Viscosity; Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity; Pressure Scale Height; Airspeed; Equivalent Airspeed; Airspeed Compressibility Correction; Compressible Dynamic Pressure; etc..." For more information see Aerospace Calculators; Aerospace Design or Aerospaceweb.org ATMOSPHERE COMPUTATION: STANDARD - Aircraft Aerodynamics and Design Group, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University VERY EXTENSIVE. Standard Atmosphere Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Speed; Reference Length..." Standard Atmosphere Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Temperature; Density; Pressure; Speed of Sound; Viscosity; Mach Number; Dynamic Pressure; Critical Cp; Vacuum Cp; Reynolds Number; Laminar Cf; Turbulent Cf..." For more information see Aircraft Aerodynamics and Design Group, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University ATMOSPHERE COMUTATION - S. Dartevelle, Granular Volcano Group VERY EXTENSIVE. Standard Atmosphere Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Speed; Reference Length..." Standard Atmosphere Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Density; Mach Number; Dynamic Pressure; Critical Cp; Vacuum Cp; Laminar Cf; Turbulent Cf; etc..." For more information see the Granular Volcano Group ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION PARAMETER CALCULATOR - B. Markham, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. tmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator "...Enter the parameters for which you wish calculate atmospheric transmission and upwelling radiance..." Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Year; Month; Day; GMT Hour & Minute; Latitude & Longitude; Use atmospheric profile for closest integer lat/long or Use interpolated atmospheric profile for given lat/long; Use mid-latitude summer standard atmosphere for upper atmospheric profile or Use mid-latitude winter standard atmosphere for upper atmospheric profile; Use Landsat-7 Band 6 spectral response curve; etc..." For more information see the Goddard Space Flight Center ATMOSPHERE SIMULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - K.D. Forbus, Qualitative Reasoning Group, Institute for Learning Sciences, Northwestern University VERY EXTENSIVE. Atmosphere Simulator includes "...Atmosphere Temperature; Solar Radiation; Earth's Surface; Cloud Model & CO2 in Atmosphere..." For more information see Simulations or Self-Explanatory Simulators; Software or the Qualitative Reasoning Group

Climatology CLIMATOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC. PRINCIPLES OF CLIMATE (ATOC 3600) - D. Noone, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Principles of Climate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Principles of Climate" Course Lectures Include "...Hydrostatic equation; Radiation laws; Radiative equilibrium; Water cycle - precipitation and saturation; Cloud processes, albedo and aerosols; Forces and Coriolis; Geostrophic flow; Baroclinic storms and waves; Wind driven ocean circulation; Thermohaline circulation; The carbon cycle; etc..." For more information see the David Noone's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences PHYSICS OF CLIMATE (FLASH) - W.J. Gutowski, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University Multimedia Physics of Climate Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Physics of Climate" Course Video Lectures include "...Introduction and Zero-Dimensional Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; Climate Sensitivity Video Lecture; Parameterization of Outgoing Infrared Radiation Video Lecture; Parameterization of Albedo Video Lecture; Global Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; One-Dimensional Global Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; Constraints on Dynamical Fluxes Video Lecture; Radiative Heating Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Physics of Climate Home Page; William J. Gutowski, Jr.'s Home Page or the Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences CLIMATOLOGY (AT 606) - S. Denning, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University Multimedia Climatology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Climatology" Course Lectures include "...Radiation & Planetary Energy Balance; Atmospheric Radiative Transfer; Land Surface Processes; Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Earth's Hydrolic Cycle; Atmospheric Circulation; Ocean Circulation; etc..." For more information see Climatology Home Page; The Denning Research Group or the Department of Atmospheric Science Atmospheric Chemistry ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DICTIONARIES & GLOSSARIES ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY - Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Texas Multimedia Atmospheric Chemistry Glossary (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Department of Chemistry ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. Undergraduate & Graduate Atmospheric Chemistry Courses, Lectures & Textbooks ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY - D.J. Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group, Atmospheric Sciences, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Multimedia Atmospheric Chemistry Undergraduate & Graduate Courses & Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Chemistry includes Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry "...Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry Online Textbook..." Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry Lectures "...Measures of atmospheric composition; Atmospheric transport; Geochemical cycles; Chemical forcing of climate; Stratospheric chemistry; etc..." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Course Lectures, etc.; Chemical Transport Models Lectures; Inverse Modeling Lectures; etc. For more information see Educational Materials in Atmospheric Chemistry; Daniel J. Jacob's Home Page or the Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY - Sergey Nizkorodov, Aerosol Photochemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine (UCI) Multimedia Atmospheric Chemistry Undergraduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Atmospheric Chemistry" Course Chapters include "...Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry; Principles of Atmospheric Pphotochemistry; Photochemistry of important Atmospheric Molecules; Fundamentals of Atmospheric Kinetics; Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Stratospheric Chemistry; Analytical Techniques for Measuring Criteria and Non-criteria Pollutants; Particulate Matter in the Troposphere; etc..." For more information see Aerosol Photochemistry Group; Sergey Nizkorodov's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS - Lynn Russell, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego Multimedia Atmospheric and Climate Sciences I: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Undergraduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Courses or Lynn Russel Atmospheric Aerosol Group STRATOSPHERIC OZONE TEXTBOOK - Studying Earth's Environment from Space, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography (CCPO), Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University Multimedia Stratospheric Ozone Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Stratospheric Ozone "...Ozone is a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms. Its chemical notation is O3. Ozone is a "bad guy" in that breathing it is lethal at dosage levels of a few molecules per million air molecules. This is why ozone at the surface is referred to as a pollutant. Yet ozone high in the atmosphere screens out biologically harmful solar ultraviolet radiation, keeping it from reaching the surface. Such ultraviolet radiation is destructive of genetic cellular material in plants and animals, as well as human beings. Without the "ozone layer" high up in the atmosphere, life on the surface of the Earth would not be possible as we know it..." Examples of "Stratospheric Ozone" Textbook Chapters include "...The Chemical, Thermal, and Dynamical Structure of Earth's Atmosphere; Morphology of Ozone; Stratospheric Photochemistry; Stratospheric Dynamics and the Transport of Ozone and Other Trace Gases; Stratospheric Ozone Variability; Trends in Stratospheric Ozone; etc..." For more information see Stratospheric Ozone; Studying Earth's Environment from Space; CCPO Research or the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography (CCPO) ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY - Jose-Luis Jimenez, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Atmospheric Chemistry Graduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Atmospheric Chemistry" Graduate Course Lectures include "...The Global Atmospheric Circulation; Atmospheric Chemical Transport; Spectroscopy & Photochemistry; Photochemistry of Important Atmospheric Molecules; Chemical Kinetics; Gas Phase Organic + NOx + UV Reactions; Inorganic Nitrogen Chemistry; Aerosols; Aerosol Light Scattering and Cloud Nucleation; Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry; etc..." For more information see Jose-Luis Jimenez & Group Home Page or the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry AERSOLS AND PRECIPITATION - I.N. Sokolik, Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Multimedia Aerosols and Precipitation Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Aerosols and Precipitation "...This is a graduate seminar course that focuses on the outstanding problems in clouds, aerosols, precipitation and climate science. Selected discussion topics will cover some emerging problems in understanding the complex nature of the interactions between various processes involving aerosols and precipitation, challenges in modeling..." Examples of "Aerosols and Precipitation" Course Lectures include "...Impacts of aerosols on clouds/precipitation in the Arctic: Insights from models; How aerosols affect marine low level warm clouds and drizzle; How aerosols affect deep convective clouds and precipitation; How urban air pollution affects precipittaion; How smoke affects cloud and precipitation; etc..." For more information see Atmospheric Chemistry Teaching - Courses; Irina N. Sokolik's Home Page; Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds or the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER - I.N. Sokolik, Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Multimedia Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Graduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "28" "Atmospheric Radiative Transfer" Course Lectures include "...Terrestrial infrared radiative processes; Modeling of radiative fluxes and heating/cooling rates in the IR; Light scattering and absorption by atmospheric particulates; Principles of multiple scattering in the atmosphere. Radiative transfer equation with scattering for solar radiation in a plane-parallel atmosphere; Methods for solving the radiative transfer equation with multiple scattering; Methods for solving the radiative transfer equation with multiple scattering; Total radiative heating/cooling rate; etc..." For more information see Teaching; Irina N. Sokolik's Home Page; Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds or the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DATABASES, MODELS, CALCULATORS, SPREADHSEETS (XLS), ETC. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY SPREADSHEETS (SPREADSHEETS OPEN ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - T. S. Dibble, Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Chemistry Calculators include "...Rate Constants for Termolecular Reaction Calculator; Solar Zenith Angle Calculator; Photolysis Rate Calculator; Nitrogen Reservoir Species Calculator; etc..." For more information see Environment Chemistry II; Theodore S. Dibble's Home Page; Dibble Group Web Page or the Department of Chemistry CHEMICAL KINETICS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA FOR USE IN ASTOMOSPHERIS STUDIES - JPL Data Evalulation, JPL Multimedia Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies "...The recommended rate data and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. In order to provide recommendations that are as up-to-date as possible, preprints and written private communications are accepted, but only when it is expected that they will appear as published journal articles. Under no circumstances are rate constants adjusted to fit observations of atmospheric concentrations..." Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies includes "...Bimolecular Reactions; Termolecular Reactions; Equilibrium Constants; Photochemical Data; Heterogeneous Chemistry; etc..." For more information see JPL Data Evalulation NCAR MODELS - National Center of Atmospheric Research Multimedia NCAR Models & Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. NCAR Models & Databases include "...Atmospheric Chemistry & Transport Models; Climate Models; Meteorology & Weather Prediction Models; etc..." For more information see the National Center of Atmospheric Research QUICK TUV CALCULATOR - Chemical Processes and Regional Modeling Group, ESSL's Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center of Atmospheric Research Multimedia Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) Radiation Calculator (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Tropospheric ultraviolet (UV) radiation "...is the driving force for all tropospheric photochemical processes. Photons in the UV wavelength have the potential to break usually fairly stable molecules into very reactive fragments (photolysis) and thus initiate reaction chains otherwise unlikely or even impossible..." Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) Radiation Calculator "...You can run the model for a specified latitude, longitude and time (input option 1), or for a given solar zenith angle (input option 2). In either case, you must also specify the additional parameters in the second column. Also, you may..." For more information see Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) Radiation Model or the Chemical Processes and Regional Modeling Group; ESSL's Atmospheric Chemistry Division or the National Center of Atmospheric Research THE MASTER CHEMICAL MECHANISM (MCM) - Research in Atmospheric Chemistry at Leeds, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K. Multimedia Atmospheric Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Master Chemical Mechanism "...is a near-explicit chemical mechanism describing the degredation of 135 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere..." "...Originally developed to investigate the production of ozone in the troposphere, the mechanism also aims to provide a RESEARCH TOOL for investigating areas where detailed chemistry is required, eg. the generation of intermediates..." For more information see Research in Atmospheric Chemistry at Leeds Atmospheric Physics ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC. ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS - Andreas Richter, Atmospheric Physics lecture given at the DOAS-group, Winter Term 2003/2004, Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen Multimedia Atmospheric Physics - PDF, 246 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Lecture material; DOAS-group; Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AND DYNAMICS (ATOC 5050) - J. Cassano, Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Introduction to Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Introduction to Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics" Course Chapters include "...Atmospheric Properties; Atmospheric Thermodynamics (Gas Laws and Hydrostatic Equation); Atmospheric Thermodynamics (First Law of Thermodynamics and Adiabatic Processes); Atmospheric Thermodynamics (Water Vapor, Static Stability); Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations; Circulation and Vorticity; etc..." For more information see Introduction to Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics Home Page; John Cassano's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Atmospheric Measurement Instruments: GPS; Radar; Remote Sensing; Weather Station Instruments; Aircraft: Hurricane Reconnaissance, Airborne Instruments; Satellites & their Instruments; Radar Calculators; etc. COURSES, LECTURES, DATABASES, REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS Global Positioning Systems Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, etc. PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS - T. Herring, Geodesy and Geodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science, MIT Multimedia Principles of Global Positioning Systems Graduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "23" "Principles of Global Positioning Systems" Course Lectures include "...Coordinate Systems, Rotation of the Earth, Geoid, Spherical Trigonometry; Coordinate and Time Systems; GPS Satellite Orbits; Continue Estimation now Examining it from a Statistical Point of View; Kalman Filter approach to Estimation; Timing in GPS; Tropospheric Delay Estimation; Antennas and Calibrations; Processing Software; etc..." For more information see Geodesy and Geodynamics Group Courses; Geodesy and Geodynamics Group; Thomas Herring's Home Page; Thomas Herring's Faculty Home Page or the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science Radar Courses, Textbooks, Handbooks, etc. WSR-88D RADAR: DISTANCE LEARNING OPERATIONS COURSE (DLOC) - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA Multimedia WSR-88D Radar: Distance Learning Operations Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. WSR-88D Radar: Distance Learning Operations Course "...The primary purpose of the DLOC is to train NWS forecasters (meteorologists and hydrologists) on the use of the radar in the forecast and warning decision making process. The course covers Doppler radar theory, technological aspects of the WSR-88D as it is used in AWIPS, management of the data stream via the Radar Product Generator (RPG), the infusion of science and..." Examples of "WSR-88D Radar: Distance Learning Operations Course Sections & Lectures include "...Radar & Warning Applications Using AWIPS; Introduction to the WSR-88D System; Principles of Meteorological Doppler Radar Signal Processing; Base Data Generation; Clutter Suppression; Mitigation of Data Ambiguities GotoWebinar Session; etc. Base and Derived Products "...Base Reflectivity; Base Spectrum Width; Storm Cell Identification and Tracking; Hail Detection Algorithm; Digital Vertically Integrated Liquid; Layer Composite Reflectivity Maximum; Enhanced Echo Tops; Velocity Cross Section; Mesocyclone and Digital Mesocyclone; etc. Convective Storm Structure and Evolution "...Severe Storm Updraft Identification; Single Cell Downbursts; Supercell Morphology: Radar Reflectivity; Tornado Hazards; Multicell Archetypes; etc. System Operations and Control; etc..." For more information see Distance Learning Operations Course (DLOC) Course Home Page; Courses or the Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB) FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK NO. 11 - DOPPLER RADAR METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS (WSR-88D) - Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology Multimedia Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 11 - Doppler Radar Meteorological Observations (WSR-88D) (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Publications or the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 11 - Doppler Radar Meteorological Observations (WSR-88D) Parts include Part B - Doppler Radar Theory and Meteorology Part C - WSR-88D Products and Algorithms Part D - WSR-88D Unit Description and Operational Applications Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Oceans Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, etc. REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS - I.N. Sokolik, Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology Multimedia Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Oceans Graduate Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "16" "Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Oceans" Course Lectures include "...Basics of EM radiation; Properties of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Scattering by small particles: Rayleigh (molecular) scattering; Multiple scattering as a source of radiation. Reflectance from surfaces. Remote sensing of ocean color; Applications of passive remote sensing using extinction and scattering: Remote sensing of trace gases (ozone) and aerosols in the UV region; Principles of active remote sensing: Radar. Sensing of clouds and precipitation; etc..." For more information see Teaching; Irina N. Sokolik's Home Page; Atmospheric Chemistry, Aerosols & Clouds or the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Remote Sensing Technical Reports NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY PUBLICATIONS - National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Multimedia NGS Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "NGS Publications" Subject Categories include "...GPS: Technology, Orbits, CORS; National Spatial Reference System: Datums, Networks, Coordinate Systems Operations, Field Procedures; Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Shoreline Mapping Special Projects; etc..." For more information see the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Atmospheric Measurement ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS - Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Multimedia Atmospheric Measurement Intruments Databases, Textbooks, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Measurement Intruments Categories include "...Aerosols; Atmospheric Profiling; Clouds; Radiometers; Surface Energy Flux; Surface Meteorology; etc..." For more information see Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT DATA - Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Multimedia Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Databases "...The ARM Program's primary objective is to test and improve General Circulation Model (GCM) parameterizations of clouds and their effect on the spectral radiative energy balance..." For more information see Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Air Resources: Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY) NOAA ARL'S REAL-TIME ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS AND DISPLAY SYSTEM (READY) - Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), NOAA Multimedia Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY) Databases, Models, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY) Databases, Models, etc. include HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model "...is the newest version of a complete system for computing simple air parcel trajectories to complex dispersion and deposition simulations..." Transport and Dispersion Models "...Air Quality Models; Short-Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) Dispersion; Gaussian Plume Model; Manned Balloon Flight Tools; etc..." Volcanic Ash Transport And Dispersion; Current Meteorology; etc..." For more information see Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) Weather Station Instruments Examples of "Weather Station Instruments" Instruments include Anemometer - Wikepedia.org "...Anemometer, Laser Doppler Anemometer, Sonic Anemometer, Wind Direction and Speed Sensors..." Barometer - Wikepedia.org "...Barometer, Water-based Barometer, Aneroid Barometer, etc..." Ceilometer - Wikepedia.org "...Ceilometer, Laser Ceilometer, Optical Drum Ceilometer, etc..." Freezing Rain Sensor - All Weather, Inc. "...Freezing Rain Sensor..." For more information see Meteorological Sensors or All Weather, Inc. Percipitation Sensor - Belfort Instrument For more information see Belfort Instrument "...Percipitation Sensor, Percipitation Guage..." For more information see Belfort Instrument Rain Guage - Wikepedia.org "...Rain Guage, Optical Rain Gauge, Udometer, Pluviometer, etc..." Solar Radiation Sensors - All Weather, Inc. "...Solar Radiation Sensor, Pyranometers, Albedometer..." For more information see Meteorological Sensors or All Weather, Inc. SOnic Detection And Ranging (SODAR) - Wikepedia.org "...SOnic Detection And Ranging (SODAR), Doppler Sodar, etc..." Thermometer - Wikepedia.org "...Thermometer, Primary Thermometers, etc..." Thunderstorm/Lightning Detection Sensor - All Weather, Inc. "...Thunderstorm Detector, Lightning Detection Sensor..." For more information see Meteorological Sensors or All Weather, Inc. Visibility Sensor - Belfort Instrument For more information see Belfort Instrument "...Visibility Sensor..." For more information see Belfort Instrument Weather Vane - Wikepedia.org "...Weather Vane..." Environmental Sensor Station Instruments for Roadways ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR STATION - Office of Operations, Federal Highway Administration Environmental Sensor Station (ESS) "...a fixed roadway location with one or more sensors measuring atmospheric, surface (i.e., pavement and soil), and/or hydrologic (i.e., water level) conditions..." Environmental Sensor Station includes "...Wind Sensor; Radiation Sensor; Precipitation Sensor, Precipitation Accumulation Sensor; Visibility Sensor; Temperature/Dewpoint Sensor; Snow Depth Sensor; Road Surface Sensor; Subsurface Sensor; Water Level Sensor & Pressure Sensor For more information see Surveillance, Monitoring and Prediction; Technology; Road Weather Management; Programs or the Office of Operations Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities Instruments NSF LOWER ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVING FACILITIES (LAOF) - NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), University Cooperation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory Examples of "NSF Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF)" Instruments include NCAR/EOL’s S-Pol Radar NCAR/EOL’s S-Pol "...is an advanced, transportable, ground-based dual-polarimetric 10 cm wavelength (S-band) weather radar..." CHILL Radar Colorado State University CHILL Radar "...is an 11-cm wavelength, transportable, multiple polarization research radar system..." NCAR GPS Dropsonde System Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) Integrated Sounding Systems (ISS) includes "...Mobile Integrated Sounding System (MISS); Multiple Antenna Profiler (MAPR); etc..." Aircraft - Airborne Instruments NOAA'S AIRCRAFT - Aircraft Operations Center, MacDill AFB, Florida, NOAA Examples of Aircraft & Instruments include Lockheed WP-3D Orion "...hurricane research and reconnaissance..." "...national and international meteorological, oceanographic and environmental research programs..." "...Sea surface temperature radiometer; CO2 air temperature radiometer; GPS dropwindsonde atmospheric profiling system; Airborne Expendable Bathythermographs (AXBT’s); etc..." Rockwell Aero Commander (AC-500S) "...aerial survey platforms for visual verification of aeronautical charts, high-resolution aerial photography, and snow water equivalent and soil moisture content measurements..." For more information see Aircraft Operations Center NSF/NCAR AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTATION - NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), University Cooperation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see NSF Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF) or the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory Examples of "NSF/NCAR Airborne Instrumentation" include Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) ELectra DOppler RAdar (ELDORA) Satellites (Examples) AQUA (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (AQUA) carries six state-of-the-art instruments in a near-polar low-Earth orbit "...Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A); Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E); Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); Cloud's and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES); etc..." For more information see AQUA ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emmision an Reflection Radiometer) Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emmision an Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument consists of three separate instrument subsystems "...Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR); Shortwave Infrared (SWIR); Thermal Infrared (TIR)..." For more information see ASTER CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) payload consists of three co-aligned nadir-viewing instruments "...Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP); Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR); Wide Field Camera (WFC)..." For more information see CALIPSO CALIPSO: DATA AND INFORMATION (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) CLOUDSAT (Cloud Profiling Radar - CPR) Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) "...a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar which measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar..." For more information see CLOUDSAT DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) DMSP Satellites "...Each DMSP satellite has a 101 minute, sun-synchronous near-polar orbit at an altitude of 830km above the surface of the earth. The visible and infrared sensors (OLS) collect images across a 3000km swath, providing global coverage twice per day..." GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) GOES-O MISSION (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-GOES N-P series) GOES-O Instruments GOES-O Imager; GOES-O Sounder "...a 19-channel discrete-filter radiometer covering the spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns..." GOES-O Space Environment Monitor "...Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS); Two Magnetometer Sensors; Solar X-ray Sensor (XRS); Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI)..." For more information see GOES-O MISSION LANDSAT 7 - The Landsat 7 Science Data User's Handbook For more information see LANDSAT MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Instrument For more information see MISR MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) POES (POES Series Satellites) POES system includes "...Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR); Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS)..." Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer - AVHRR TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) NOAASIS (NOAA Satellite Information System) NOAA Satellite Information System "...provides essential information for satellite direct readout station operators and users of NOAA environmental satellite data. While the emphasis is on the U.S. Polar orbiting and the GOES series of satellites, limited information is also provided for the satellites operated by other countries and agencies..." NASA CURRENT MISSIONS RADAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Radar Antenna Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations RADAR ANTENNA CALCULATOR (ANTCALC) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Antenna Calculator "..."How does a particular radar antenna perform"? The Radar Antenna Calculator provided on this page helps to find answers..." Radar Antenna Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Radar Frequency; Antenna Width; Horizontal Beamwidth; Vertical Beamwidth; Antenna Gain; etc..." Also includes a table that "...shows some data representative for radar antennas used aboard ships or ashore..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page Radar Beamwidth & Radar Beam Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations BEAMWIDTH CALCULATOR - BEAM PROPERTY CALCULATOR - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. Beamwidth Calculator "...When analyzing radar data, it is often helpful to know the height of the radar volume...This applet provides a simpler way to get this information. In addition to providing the user the beam center height, it also provides the beam top height, beam bottom height, and the beam width..." Beamwidth Calculator (Beam Property Calculator) INPUT Values include: "...Elevation Angle; Range; Units (English or Metric)..." For more information see Resources or the Warning Decision Training Branch Radar Boundary-Relative Speed Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations BOUNDARY-RELATIVE SPEED CALCULATOR - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator "...was created to give forecasters an easy way to use the proposed schematic diagram in an operational environment..." Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator "...uses three input variables (cell speed, cell direction, and boundary speed; all speeds in m s-1) to compute the boundary-relative velocity at points all along the circular boundary..." For more information see Resources or the Warning Decision Training Branch Radar "Free-Space Range" Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations RADAR FREE-SPACE RANGE CALCULATOR (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Free-Space Range Calculator "...The free-space range of a radar system is the maximum range determined from the parameters of a radar system (antenna and transmitter/receiver combination)..." Radar Free-Space Range Calculator INPUT Values include: Radar Antenna "...Beamwidth (Azimuth & Elevation); Polarisation; Gain; RPM; etc..." Radar Transmitter/Receiver "...Frequency; Wavelength; Peak Power; Pulse Width; etc..." Target "...Radar Cross Section; False Alarm Rate Exponent; etc..." Also includes "...Radar Cross Section (Ship RCS Tables, IALA RCS Tables, etc.); NAVGEN Algorithm to determine 2D Position Fixing Errors; etc..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page Radar Horizon Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations RADAR HORIZON CALCULATOR (HORCALC) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Horizon Calculator is "...a calculator to determine the radar horizon and the target visibility range..." Radar Horizon Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Height of radar antenna; Target height..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page Weather Balloons, Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations WEATHER BALLON COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC. RAWINSONDE AND PIBAL OBSERVATION HANDBOOKS, INSTRUMENTS, ETC. WEATHER BALLOON CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RAWINSONDE AND PIBAL OBSERVATION - Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology Multimedia Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 3 with Change No. 1 to the Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 3 Effective August 1, 2006: Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations (1997 & Update 2006)" Handbook Chapters include "...Introduction; Systems and Equipment; Preflight Procedures and Success Criteria; Quality Control at the Stations; Processing Souding Data; Pilot Ballon Observations; etc..." Examples of "Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations" Handbook Appendixes include "...Observation Site Specifications; Computational Formulae and Constants; Pilot Ballon and Rawinsonde Encoding and Decoding; etc..." For more information see Publications or the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology GPS ADVANCED UPPER-AIR SOUNDING SYSTEM (GAUS) - NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), University Cooperation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. GPS Advanced Upper-Air Sounding System (GAUS) "...GAUS is a balloon-borne rawinsonde system. Through GPS technology, the GAUS measures high vertical resolution of temperature, humidity and winds at locations around the world..." For more information see NSF Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF) or the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory BALLOON FLIGHT FORECASTING TOOLS - Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), NOAA Multimedia Balloon Flight Forecasting Tools (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Balloon Flight Forecasting Tools - HYSPLIT Trajectory Optimization "...This program can be used to visualize all the potential flow combinations from up to three different starting heights. The user defines up to three starting heights and the time interval (hours) at which new trajectories will be started from the location of the previous endpoints..." For more information see Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display System (READY) or the Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) PIBAL FLIGHT CALCULATOR PILOT BALLOON FLIGHT CALCULATOR - Martin Brenner, Director of Technology, College of the Arts, California State University Long Beach (CSULB) Multimedia Pilot Ballon Lessons, Databases, Calculators, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Pilot Balloon - Flight Calculator "...Observations of pilot balloons are made for the purpose of determining wind direction and velocity at various altitudes. The procedures for setup, operation and data reduction of a single theodolite station are covered in the following sections. Observations are made by following the ascent of a small rubber helium or hydrogen filled balloon with a balloon theodolite. The balloon is inflated with an amount of helium or hydrogen so as to rise at a known rate. The light weight versus size of the balloons allows them to be transported by, and accurately reflect the speed and direction of the winds present at the altitudes that they climb through..." Pilot Balloon Flight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Azimuth; Magnetic Variation; Ascent Rate; Direction; Speed; Height; Theodolite Readings in 3 columns; TIME, AZIMUTH & ELEVATION..." For more information see Instructions for Making and Processing Data from Pilot Balloon Observations; Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Optical Theodolites - Equipment - Operations and Related information; Pibal Theodolites Web Resource or Martin Brenner's, Pilot Balloon Resources Buoy Data REAL-TIME BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BUOY DATA IN REAL-TIME - COASTAL U.S., NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, COASTAL CANADA, CARIBBEAN, COASTAL EUROPE, ETC. - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Buoy Data Database includes Current Conditions & Previous Observations for: "...Wind Direction (WDIR); Wind Speed (WSPD); Wind Gust (GST); Wave Height (WVHT); Dominant Wave Period (DPD); Average Period Average Period (APD); Atmospheric Pressure (PRES); Pressure Tendency (PTDY); Air Temperature (ATMP); Water Temperature (WTMP); Wind Chill (CHILL)..." For more information see the National Weather Center Carbon Cycle CARBON CYCLE COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. FOR RELATED COURSES SEE THE CHEMISTRY CENTER: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY CARBON CYCLE AND GREENHOUSE GASES - Lyatt Jaeglé, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington Multimedia Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases" Course Lectures include "...Global Carbon Cycle; Non-CO2 GHG: CH4 and N2O; Halocarbons and ozone; etc..." For more information see Teaching; Lyatt Jaeglé's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Sciences CARBON CYCLE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHORT TERM CARBON CYCLE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Short Term Carbon Cycle Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Initial value of the atmosphere; Initial value of the terrestrial biosphere; Initial value of the deep ocean; Value of the deforestation flow; Step Time; Initial value of the surface ocean; Initial value of the soil carbon and detritus; etc..." For more information see The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Carbon Emission & Atmospheric Pollution CARBON EMISSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CO2 CALCULATOR - Global Environment Information Centre, Japan CO2 Calculator is based on the ChoCO2 studies of GEIC, which calculate CO2 emissions from everyday Japanese electrical appliances and automobiles based on energy consumption figures..." CO2 Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air-conditioner usage per day; TV usage per day; Refrigerator & Stove usage per day; etc..." For more information see Global Environment Information Centre ENERGY TO CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERTER - National Energy Foundation, U.K. Energy to Carbon Dioxide Calculator INPUT Values include: Amount of: kWh Electricity; kWh Natural Gas; Therms Natural Gas; Litres Gasoil or Diesel; Litres of Petrol; Litres of LPG; Tonnes of Coal; etc..." For more information see National Energy Foundation CLIMATE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CALCULATOR - American Forests Organization, Washington D.C. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Climate Change Calculator "...How many trees do you need to plant to offset your carbon emissions?..." Climate Change Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Residential Power Consumption (Electricit, Oil, Natural Gas, etc.); Garbage; Automobile Milage; Air Travel Milage; etc..." Climate Change Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...CO2 Emissions; Number of Trees Needed or Offset Carbron Emissions..." For more information see American Forests Organization GAUSSIAN PLUME CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAUSSIAN PLUME MODEL - CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Gaussian Plume Model Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Height of the Stack; Diameter of the Stack; Emission Rate; Exit Velocity of the Gas; Temperature of the Exiting Gas; Ambient Temperature of the Air; Atmospheric Conditions; etc..." For more information see Environmental Models; Master Tools or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PERSONAL EMISSION CALCULATOR - GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATOR - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Government Personal Emissions Calculator "...Use this online calculator to obtain an estimate of your personal greenhouse gas emissions or your family’s greenhouse gas emissions. Then move on to the next section of the calculator to explore actions you and/or your family can take to lower your emissions while..." Greenhouse Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: "...How many people live in your home; How do you heat your house; How many miles do you put on your cars; Average gas mileage for your cars; Average monthly gas bill; Average monthly electric bill; etc..." For more information see the Environmental Protection Agency VEHICLE POLLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VEHICLE EMISSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMTPION & VEHICLE EMISSIONS - Environmental Technology Centre/ Centre de Technologie Environnementale, Environment Canada, Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Pollution Calculations Forms; Databases & Software or the Environmental Technology Centre/Centre de Technologie Environnementale

Climate Analysis & Dynamics CLIMATE ANALYSIS & DYNAMICS COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ETC. CLIMATE & WEATHER DATABASES - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. GFDL Databases include: "...PSD Gridded Climate Datasets; Air Sea Flux Datasets; Real-Time Wind Profiler Data; Wind Profiler Database; etc..." For more information see the Physical Sciences Division; Earth System Research Laboratory or the Climate Diagnostics Center Clouds CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AIR CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin For more information see Interactive Weather Modeling Applets; Weather & Climate Home Page; AOS Courses or the Weather & Climate Home Page CLOUD ALTITUDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLOUD ALTITUDE CALCULATOR - Umidita atmosferica e formazione delle nubi, Italy Cloud Altitude Calculator "...is based on the assumption that the air temperature drops 9.84 degrees C per 1000 m of altitude and the dewpoint drops 1.82 degrees C per 1000 meters altitude..." Cloud Altitude Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature & Distance Unit; Air Temperature; Dew Point..." For more information see Umidita atmosferica e formazione delle nubi CUMULUS CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CUMULUS CLOUD APPLET - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Cumulus Cloud Calculator: "...To determine the height of the base of any cumulus cloud that might form due to convection, simply adjust the temperature and dew point sliders..." For more information see Weather Wise: Weather Education Applets or the Weather & Climate Home Page Drought DROUGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS U.S.: DROUGHT TERMINATION AND AMELORATION DROUGHT CALCULATOR: DROUGHT TERMINATION AND AMELORATION - J. Lawrimore, National Climatic Data Center, NOAA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) & Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) Drought Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Type of Drought Reduction; Duration in Months; etc..." For more information see NOAA's Drought Information Center; Climate Monitoring; Climate/Weather Events or National Climatic Data Center El Niño & La Niña EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA DATABASES, CALCULATORS & ANIMATIONS REAL-TIME DATA OF TAO (TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE OCEAN ARRAY IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN) EL NIÑO TEMPERATURES (3D) (JAVA APPLET) - The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) "...Real-time data from moored ocean buoys for improved detection, understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña..." For more information see The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project or the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA CURRENT ANIMATIONS OF EL NIÑO - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA VERY EXTENSIIVE. For more information see CDC Map Room or the Physical Sciences Division EL NIÑO THEME PAGE - Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIIVE. El Niño Theme Page includes: "...El Niño & La Niña Forecasts; Realtime Data, Products and Analyses; List of Impacts and Prediction Benefits; 3D Animation of El Ni�o Temperatures; etc..." For more information see Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Global Weather GLOBAL WEATHER RELATED CENTERS SEE REAL-TIME GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES AT THE GLOBAL DAILY REPORTS GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS CENTER (CDC) CLIMATE RESEARCH DATA AND RESOURCES - - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA Multimedia Climate Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Physical Sciences Division INTERACTIVE GLOBAL GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE IMAGES - Earth System Science Division, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Global Hydrology and Climate Center, NASA or Earth System Science Division INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE (WORLD WEATHER MAP) - Aaviation Weather, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see National Weather Center NCDC CLIMATE DATA WORLD WIDE (CURRENT & HISTORICAL DATA) - National Climatic Data Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the View Climatic Data Online or the National Climatic Data Center PALEOCLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PALEOCLIMATOLOGY DATA - INTERACTIVE - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see NOAA Paleoclimatology Program or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) Examples of Paleoclimatology Databases include Tree-Ring Data Pollen Data Paleoclimate Model Paleocean Data Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) and the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) REALTIME TAO BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS REALTIME TAO BUOY DATA DISPLAY - Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array or the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA Examples of other Online Interactive Databases include TAO Buoy Data Delivery TAO Time Series Data Selection TAO Climatologies

Hurricanes HURRICANE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NHC/TPC ARCHIVES OF PAST HURRICANE - Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Hurricanes "...The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Reports (formerly called Preliminary Reports) contain comprehensive information on each storm, including synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track..." For more information see the Tropical Prediction Center NATIONAL HURRICAN CENTER - Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. HURRICANE MODELLING APPLET - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin VERY EXTENSIVE. Hurricane Modelling "...The model assumes that changes in the tangential velocity near the surface and the average tropospheric temperature are related to the change in pressure. The model also assumes..." For more information see Weather Wise: Weather Education Applets or the Weather & Climate Home Page HURRICANE SCALE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DVORAK CURRENT INTENSITY CHART & SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICAN SCALE - Satellite Services Division (SSD), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA Multimedia Dvorak Current Intensity Chart & Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (Text & Images). For more information see Text Products; Products & Services or the Satellite Services Division (SSD) DVORAK HURRICANE INTENSITY SCALE - C. Landsea, Hurricane Research Division (HRD), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA Multimedia Dvorak Hurricane Intensity Scale (Text & Images). Dvorak Hurricane "...Utilizing the current satellite picture of a tropical cyclone, one matches the image versus a number of possible pattern types: Curved band Pattern, Shear Pattern, Eye Pattern, Central Dense Overcast (CDO) Pattern, Embedded Center Pattern or Central Cold Cover Pattern. If infrared satellite imagery is available for Eye Patterns (generally the pattern seen for hurricanes, severe tropical cyclones and typhoons), then the scheme utilizes..." For more information see Tropical Cyclone Observation; FAQ; Hurricane Research Division (HRD) or the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE - National Hurrican Center Multimedia Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (Text & Images). Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale "...is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall..." For more information see the National Hurrican Center Hydraulic Jumps HYDRAULIC JUMPS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FLOW PROPERTIES OF HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR CHANNEL HYDRAULIC JUMPS CALCULATOR - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Flow Properties of Horizontal Rectangular Channel Hydraulic Jumps Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Flow Rate; Channel Width; Upstream Depth..." Flow Properties of Horizontal Rectangular Channel Hydraulic Jumps Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Downstream Depth; Depth Ratio; Upstream Velocity; Downstream Velocity; Velocity Ratio; Upstream Froude Number; Downstream Froude Number; Froude Number Ratio..." For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Lifting Condensation Levels LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL (LCL) CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Lifting Condenstation Level Calculator - LCL calculator "...Though this LCL calculator was designed to calculate the lifting condensation level (LCL) for a parcel of air lifted from the surface, you may substitute values appropriately to calculate the LCL conditions for an air parcel at any other pressure level..." Lifting Condenstation Level Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Surface Temperature; Surface Dew Point; Surface Pressure..." For more information see Measures of the Atmosphere; Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Lightning LIGHTNING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS: GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTION GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTIONS - Lightning & Atmospheric Electricity Research, Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC), NASA Multimedia Global Lightning Distribution Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Global Lightning Distributions "...Lightning Imaging Sensor data is processed daily. The browse products are GIF images showing a graphical representation of the LIS orbit data for each day. Quality Control steps are taken on daily files and are released one month at a time. The QC steps produce some delay in the release of the data..." For more information see Dataset Information or Lightning & Atmospheric Electricity Research Marine Weather MARINE WEATHER SCALES MARINE WEATHER SCALES - Marine Waypoints Marine Wearther Scales include: "...Beaufort Wind Scale; Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; Dvorak Current Intensity Chart (Dvorak Hurricane Intensity Scale); Wind Warnings; Fujita Tornado Scale..." For more information see Marine Waypoints MARINE WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE (WORLD WEATHER MAP) - Aaviation Weather, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see National Weather Center CURRENT MARINE WEATHER WORLD WIDE - Ocean Weather VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Marine Wearther includes: "...Significant Wave Height with Wave Direction; Marine Ovservations & Model Pressures; Sea Surface Temperature..." For more information see Ocean Weather AUSTRALIA MARINE WEATHER - Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Australia Marine Weather Databases include: "...Tides; Sea Level; Tsunami Alerts; Ocean Temperature; Wave Heights; Forecasts; etc..." For more information see the Bureau of Meteorology METEOROLOGY, OCENAOGRAPHY & TROPICAL APPS WEATHER DATABASES - Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center, Department of Defense VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Meteorology, Oceanography & Tropical Databases include: Meteorology Databases "...MyWxmap; WXMap; Coverage; EFS (Gale Probability, Percipitation Probability, etc.); EFS Plumes;..." Oceanography Databases "...WW3; WW3 Ensmeble; NCODA (Sea Surface Temperature, SST Anomaly, SST Climatology); etc..." Tropical Apps Databases "...TC Web & TC Tracts..." For more information see the Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center TODAY'S SEAWINDS - WINDS, JPL, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Today's Seawinds "...The 'overlays' combine the cloud imagery from several geosynchronous satellites with SeaWinds scatterometry..." For more information see WINDS

Ozone Data, Aerosol Index, Single-wavelength UV Irradiance Data, Daily Erythemal UV Exposure, Reflectivity Data, Tropospheric Ozone Data, Volcano Sulfur Dioxide Data OZONE DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AEROSON INDEX, ERYTHEMAL UV EXPOSURE DATA, VOLCANO SULFUR DIOXIDE DATA, ETC. OZONE ANALYSIS: TODAY'S OZONE FROM EARTH PROBE TOMS - Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Maps and Data "...You can now access the current Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol, ozone, and reflectivity data from their respective product pages using the drop-down menus on these pages. Also, the "Ozone Over Your House" page can now be used with current OMI ozone data..." For more information see TOMS or the Goddard Space Flight Center OZONE ISOPLETH PLOTTING PROGRAM & OZONE MODELING OZONE ISOPLETH PLOTTING PROGRAM (OZIP) - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Ozone Isopleth Plotting Calculator INPUT Values include: Mechanism set to use: "...Carbon-Bond Mechanism IV or Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) mechanism..." Boundary Conditions "...Fraction of NO2/NOx; O3 Aloft; VOC Aloft; etc..." Meteorological Conditions; Emissions Inventories; Calculation Options; etc. For more information see EKMA/OZIP Model Tools; Welcome to EKMA/OZIP or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. OZONE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WHAT IS THE TOTAL COLUMN OZONE AMOUNT OVER YOUR HOUSE? TODAY-YESTERDAY - CALCULATOR - TOMS Project, NASA Ozone Amount over Your House "...This value is the total column ozone amount, NOT the amount of ozone that causes smog (and that you hear about from your local weatherman)..." Ozone Amount over Your House Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Latitude; Longitude; Day; Month; Year..." For more information see the TOMS Project, NASA Potential Temperature POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CALCULATING POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Potential Temperature Calculator "...Because the actual temperature and virtual temperature of an individual parcel is continuously changing as the air moves from one pressure level to another, meteorologists often refer to the potential temperature of a parcel of air..." Potential Temperature Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Pressure Level..." For more information see Measures of the Atmosphere; Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Pressure SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMPUTING SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Sea Level Pressure Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Surface Pressure; Gravity; Surface Elevation; Average Virtual Temperature of Layer..." For more information see Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PRESSURE CONVERTER CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Pressure Converter Calculator "...Most (though not all) land surfaces are at some elevation above sea level. Just inland, near the coast, the elevation may be less than a meter above sea level, while the surface of mountainous regions may be thousands of meters above sea level. In this equation, the sea level pressure is the theoretical pressure the air would have if..." Pressure Converter Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Elevation, in Meters above Sea Level (mASL), of the Pressure Observation; Elevation (mASL) of the Modeling Site Temperature Measurement; etc..." For more information see Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc.

Sunrise, Sunset & Tide SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNSET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOON PHASE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUNAR ECLIPSE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL DATA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATORS & TABLES - United States Naval Observatory (USNO) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Astronomical Applications "...computes, from fundamental astronomical reference data, the position, brightness, and other observable characteristics of celestial bodies, as well as the circumstances of astronomical phenomena. This information is of critical importance to navigation, military operations planning, scientific research, surveying, accident reconstruction, architecture, and everyday activities..." For more information see Astronomical Applications or the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) Examples from over "20" Astronomical Calculators & Tables include Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year Duration of Daylight Table "...provides, for each calendar date, the total time that any portion of the Sun is above the horizon..." Duration of Darkness Table "...provides, for each calendar date, the total time that the entire Sun is below the horizon..." Sun and Moon Data for One Day Sun and Moon Data for One Day "...obtain the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, transits of the Sun and Moon, and the beginning and end of civil twilight, along with..." Lunar Eclipse Computer Lunar Eclipse Computer "...The table of local circumstances gives the local time of each eclipse "event" that is visible from the location..." SUN, MOON AND EARTH (JAVA APPLET) - J. Giesen English & German/Deutsch. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Sun, Moon & Earth Calculator "...displays the positions of the Sun and Moon on the horizon for any date, time and location, and on a world map with day and night regions. The times of rise and setting,..." For more information see GeoAstro Applets; Astro Applets; Astronomy and related stuff or Juergen Giesen's Physik und Astronomie Examples from over "20" GeoAstro Calculators & Applets include Sun Plotter Applet Analemma Sundial Applet Sun position (polar coordinates) Applet SOLAR POSITION CALCULATOR - C. Cornwall, A. Horiuchi & C. Lehman, Surface Radiation Research Branch (SRRB), Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Solar Calculators or the Surface Radiation Research Branch PHOTOPERIOD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PHOTOPERIOD CALCULATOR: COMPUTATION OF DAYLENGTHS, SUNRISE/SUNSET TIMES, TWILIGHT AND LOCAL NOON - J. Lammi, Finland VERY EXTENSIVE. Photoperiod Calculator OUTPUT Values include "...Daylength; Begin of Nautical Twilight; Begin of Civil Twilight; Sunrise Time; Sunset Time; End of Civil Twilight; End of Nautical Twilight; Maximum Height Angle; Declination of Sun; Sun Altitude & Azimuth; Solar power at Noon; For more information see J. Lammi's Home Page SUN'S ANGLE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR - C. Gronbeck, Sustainable By Design VERY EXTENSIVE. Sun Angle Calculator "...calculates a number of solar angles based on location, date, and time. It is useful in building design..." For more information see Tools or Sustainable By Design SUN'S PATH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN PATH CALCULATOR (SHOCKWAVE) - C. Gronbeck, Sustainable By Design VERY EXTENSIVE. Sun Path Calculator "...displays the path of sun in the sky. It can be used to graphically determine solar altitude and azimuth angles; it's also a general educational.." For more information see Tools or Sustainable By Design SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNSET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNRISE - SUNSET CALCULATOR - GMD-Radiation Group (G-Rad), NOAA/ESRL Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), NOAA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes "...Equation of Time; Solar Declination; Apparent Sunrise; Solar Noon; Apparent Sunset..." For more information see GMD-Radiation Group (G-Rad); Global Monitoring Division or the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), NOAA SUNRISE - SUNSET (JAVA APPLET) - Pangolin Communications, Auckland, New Zealand Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes: "...Sun Rise & Set; Civil Twilight & Nautical Twilight..." For more information see Alamanac On-line or Pangolin Communications SUNRISE - SUNSET CALCULATOR FOR AM STATIONS IN THE U.S. - D. Bickel, Audio Services Division, Mass Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator for AM Stations in the U.S.: "...These values are important to those AM stations who must reduce power, cease operations, or change to directional operation during the nighttime hours, as well as the stations protected by the changed operation..." For more information see Radio Tools or the Audio Services Division TIDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TIDE AND CURRENT PREDICTOR (U.S., CANADA, PACIFIC ISLANDS, JAPAN & NEARBY SITES) - WWW Interface by Dean Pentcheff, Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina "...Harmonic tide and current speed predictor..." TIDE PREDICTIONS U.S. BY STATES - Tides Online, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, National Ocean Service, NOAA For more information see Tides Online TIDE PREDICTIONS FOR AUSTRALIA, SOUTH PACIFIC AND ANTARCTICA - Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia For more information see the Bureau of Meteorology Thunderstorms THUNDERSTORM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHOWALTER INDEX CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHOWALTER INDEX - CALCULATOR - T. Brice & T. Hall, El Paso Area, Southern Region Headquarters, National Weather Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Showalter Index Calculator is "...a measure of thunderstorm potential and severity..." Showalter Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...500 millibar Parcel Temperature; 500 millibar Environmental Temperature..." For more information see The Weather Calculator; El Paso Area or the Southern Region Headquarters SERVERITY OF THUNDERSTORM EVENT CALCULATORS & APPLETS FORECAST EQUATION TO PREDICT THE SERVERITY OF THUNDERSTORM EVENT - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University Predict the Severity of Thunderstorm Event Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Convective Available Potential Energy; Maximum Wind Speed in Sounding; Energy-Helicity Index; Storm Speed; Storm-relative Helicity..." For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Tornadoes TORNADO COURSES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, DATABASES, ETC. ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. EF-SCALE (ENGHANCED FUJITA SCALE) COURSE - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA Multimedia EF-Scale (Enhanced Fujita Scale) Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "EF-Scale (Enhanced Fujita Scale)" Course Lectures include "...Introducing the Enhanced Fujita Scale; Damage Surveys with the Enhanced Fujita Scale; etc..." For more information see the Courses or the Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB) ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE - Storm Prediction Center, NOAA The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) "...Implemented in the U.S. on 1 February 2007..." Also includes the Online "EF-Scale Training Course". Fujita Scale "...is a well known scale that uses damage caused by a tornado and relates the damage to the fastest 1/4-mile wind at the height of a damaged structure. Fujita's scale was designed to connect smoothly the Beaufort Scale (B) with the speed of sound atmospheric scale, or Mach speed (M)..." For more information see the Storm Prediction Center ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE FOR TORNADO DAMAGE - Storm Prediction Center, NOAA Enhanced F-scale "...Implemented in the U.S. on 1 February 2007..." Enhanced F-scale "...still is a set of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage. Its uses three-second gusts estimated at the point of damage based on a judgment of 8 levels of damage to the 28 indicators listed below. These estimates vary with height and exposure..." For more information see Tornadoes or Storm Prediction Center Tsunamis TSUNAMIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TSUNAMI: PACIFIC OCEAN, HAWAII, INDIAN OCEAN, & PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS - Pacific Tsunami Waring System, Pacific Region Headquarters, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Pacific Tsunami Waring System Database includes: "...Most Recent Event Message; Location Map; Tsunami Zone; etc., for Pacific Oceans, Hawaii, Indian Ocean & Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands.." For more information see the Pacific Region Headquarters, Hawaii or the National Weather Center TSUNAMI - U.S. WEST COAST & ALASKA - West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center or the National Weather Center DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF TSUNAMIS (DART) - REAL-TIME DATA BUOY DATA FOR ALASKA, WESTERN CANADA, U.S. WEST COAST, HAWAII, NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, U.S. EAST COAST, & CARIBBEAN - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) Project "...is an ongoing effort to maintain and improve the capability for the early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean..." For more information see National Data Buoy Center or the National Weather Center Wind Chill WIND CHILL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WIND CHILL CALCULATOR - D. Barthel, Southeast Regional Climate Center Wind Chill Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Wind Speed..." For more information see Southeast Regional Climate Center, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources

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