Martindale's Gardening & Botany Center, Courses, Databases, Lectures, Lessons, Videos, Movies, etc.

MARTINDALE'S

GARDENING & BOTANY CENTER

U.S.: Sunday, October 20, 2019
Sydney, Australia: Monday, October 21, 2019

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PLANT DATABASES

GARDENING DICTIONARIES
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

PLANT SPECIFIC DATABASES

Flowering Plants & Vascular Plants ~ Aromatic Plants & Medicinal Plants

Begonias ~ Bromeliads ~ Bulbs ~ Cactus & Succulents ~ Carnivious

Container Gardens & Hanging Baskets

Cuscuta ~ Cycads & Palms

Grass & Seagrass ~ Gymnosperm/Conifers

Halophytes: Salt-Tolerant Plants

Herbs ~ Jungle Plants & Trees

Native Plants ~ Orchids ~ Parasitic Plants ~ Roses

BOTANY

Plant Classification ~ Plant Identification ~ Botany & Paleobotany Indexes

Photosynthesis ~ Plant Biology & Botany ~ Plant Fossils ~ Pathology

Plant Viruses ~ Diseases

POLLINATION,
PRUNING ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS
& PLANT PROPAGATION

Pollination

Pruning Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

Plant Propagation (Grafting, Layering, etc.)

Agriculture, Crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts, etc.

Home Page

PLANT DATABASES

Plant Databases

PLANTS DATABASE OF THE U.S. - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Department of Agricultrue, USDA Multimedia Plant Databases (Text & Images).
PLANTS Database
"...provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories..."
"...It includes names, plant symbols, checklists, distributional data, species abstracts, characteristics, images, plant links, references, crop information, and automated tools..."

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA - eFloras.org, Flora of North America Association Multimedia Flora of North America Database (Text & Images).
Flora of North America
"...will treat more than 20,000 species of plants native or naturalized in North America north of Mexico, about 7% of the world's total. Both vascular plants and bryophytes are included..."
For more information see eFloras.org or the Flora of North America Association

eFLORAS - eFloras.org Multimedia Plant Databases (Text & Images).
Examples of Plant Databases include
"...Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal;
Flora of Chile;
Flora of China;
Flora of North America;
Flora of Pakistan;
Moss Flora of China;
Trees and Shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador; etc...'

BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA ONLINE IMAGE COLLECTION - Botanical Society of America Multimedia Plant Database (Text & Images). For more information see The Botanical Society of America

ONLINE FIELD GUIDES - eNature.com Multimedia Plant Database (Text & Images).
Online Field Guide is
"...a searchable database for identifying more than 4,000 plant and animal species of North America..."

EDIBLE PLANT SPECIES DATABASE - Plants for a Future Multimedia Edible Plants Database (Text & Images). For more information see Plants for a Future

SELECTREE - Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute Multimedia SelecTree - Tree Selection Guide Database (Text & Images).
SelecTree
"...an interactive program designed to help you select appropriate trees. It will match trees to particular sites based on compatible characteristics. SelecTree presently searches a database of 1,481 trees and provides 49 selection criteria to choose from..."
For more information see the Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute

THE CALFLORA DATABASE - The CalFlora Database Multimedia Plant Database (Text & Images).
CalFlora
"...is a comprehensive database of plant distribution information for California, a web accessible, publicly available tool for synthesis of data from disparate sources..."

GARDENING DICTIONARIES & ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Gardening Dictionaries, Encyclopedias with Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound

GARDENING: PLANT FINDER (QUICKTIME & REAL PLAYER) - British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), London, U.K. Multimedia Gardening Dictionary, Databases & Videos (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound).
Plant Finder
"...Look up detailed information about thousands of plants using our searchable database. You will find descriptions of the plants and tips about growing them..."
For more information see Gardening; Gardening or BBC

GARDENSMART (REAL PLAYER) - GardenSmart Hosts: Joe Lamp'l & Eric Johnson, GardenSmart TV, The Garden Shows Production Company Multimedia Gardening Video Lessons & Gardening Dictionary (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). For more information see Garden Smart or the National Gardening Association

TREES, SHRUBS, GROUNDCOVERS & PALMS - Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Multimedia Trees, Shrub, Groundcovers & Palms Database, Lessons, Picture Gallaries, Landscaping Design, Landscaping Selector, etc. (Text, Images & Videos/Movies).
Landscaping
"...There are some guidelines to consider for proper landscape design. Personal needs and tastes, existing plants, orientation and shape of the house and property, and location in the state all must be considered first. Then you are ready to select a design. The suggestions given in this program will provide a start for homeowners and landscapers when faced with the decision to design a front or back yard of a home, commercial landscape or condominium..."
Examples of "Trees" Databases & Lessons include
"...Tree Urban Design;
Tree Production;
Tree Planting;
Tree Pruning;
Tree Maintenance;
Tree Species Porfiles;
Tree Index; etc..."
Examples of "Shrub" Databases & Lessons include
"...Shrub Selection;
Shrub Production;
Shrub Care, etc..."
Examples of "Groundcover" Databases & Lessons include
"...Groundcover Selection;
Groundcover Production;
Groundcover Care; etc..."
Examples of "Palm" Databases & Lessons include
"...Palm Selection;
Palm Production;
Palm Culture;
Palm Care; etc..."
For more information see Environmental Horticulture or the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

WEBGARDEN (QUICKTIME & WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER - Maintained by T. Rhodus, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University Very Large Database. Multimedia Gardening Dictionary, Gardening Database, Gardening Video Lessons, etc. (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound).
WebGarden
"...provides a growing collection of resources for beginning and professional gardeners, students, teachers, and professional horticulturists..."
Examples of "WebGarden" Databases, Video Lessons, etc. include
"...Video Collection
200 short gardening how-to videos, ranging from tips on basic landscaping to lessons on deadheading roses;
Plant Image Dictionary
is an indexed system of teaching resources for the discipline of Horticulture and Crop Science;
PlantFacts Glossary; etc..."
For more information see Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University

Plant Specific Databases

Flowering Plants & Vascular Plants

Aromatic Plants & Medicinal Plants

Begonias ~ Bromeliads ~ Bulbs ~ Cactus & Succulents ~ Carnivious

Container Gardens & Hanging Baskets

Cuscuta ~ Cycads & Palms

Grass & Seagrass ~ Gymnosperm/Conifers

Halophytes: Salt-Tolerant Plants

Herbs ~ Jungle Plants & Trees

Native Plants ~ Orchids ~ Parasitic Plants ~ Roses

PLANT SPECIFIC DATABASES

Flowering & Vascular Plants

DIGITAL FLOWERS - S. Downie, K. Robertson & J.S. Hass; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Multimedia Digital Flowers Database (Text & Images).
Examples of "Digital Flowers" Categories & Subcategories include
Dicots, Monocots, Morphology
"...Floral Formulas;
Flowers;
Fruits;
Inflorescences;
Vegetative; etc...."
Breeding Systems;
Carnivorous Plants;
Dispersal Mechanisms;
Parasitic Plants;
Pollination; etc..."
For more information see the Department of Plant Biology; School of Integrative Biology or Life Sciences

TAXONOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS - Department of Biology & the Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group, Texas A&M University Multimedia Flowering Plants Database (Text & Images).
Examples of "Taxonomy of Flowering Plants" Database Categories & Subcategories include
Characteristics of Angiosperms;
Vegetative Morphology
"...Plant Habit;
Roots;
Stems and Buds;
Pith Types;
Underground Stems;
Pubescence;
Leaf Arrangement, Types, Shapes, Margins, Venation; etc..."
Reproductive Morphology
"...Stamens;
Pistils;
Floral Formulas; etc..."
Nomenclature;
Plant Familes; etc.
For more information see Teaching Projects; Projects; Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group; Center for the Study of Digital Libraries or the Department of Biology

VASCULAR PLANT FAMILY & HAWAIIAN NATIVE PLANT GENERA - G.D. Carr, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Manoa, Hawaii Multimedia Vascular Plant Family Databases & Hawaiian Native Plant Genera (Text & Images). For more information see Gerald (Gerry) Carr's Home Page or the Department of Botany

Examples of "Hawaiian Vascular Plant Family" Databases include

Images and Descriptions of Flowering Plant Families

Non-Flowering Plant Families (cycads, conifers, ferns and fern allies)

Hawaiian Native Plant Genera

Aromatic & Medicinal Plants

MEDICINAL PLANT DATABASE - M. Moore & D. Chesner, Southwest School of Botanical Medicine, Bisbee, Arizona Multimedia Medicinal Plant Databases, Texts, Manuals, etc. (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound).
Examples of "Medicinal Plant" Databases, Texts and Manuals include
"...Medicinal Plant Images & Videos/Movies;
Texts and Manuals by Michael Moore;
Fenner's Complete Formulary and Handbook (1888);
The Dispensatory of the USA, 20th Edition (1918);
British Herbal Manuals;
Eclectic Medicine, Materia Medica and Pharmacy - classic texts; etc...

A GUIDE TO AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS - J.E. Simon, et al., Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University Multimedia Aromatic & Medicinal Plants Database & Lessons (Text & Images).
Examples of "A Guide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants" Databases include
"...Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Index;
Guide to Herb Varieties As Listed in Selected Seed and Herb Plant Catalogs;
Selected Source Guide to Herb and Specialty Crop Seeds and Plants;
Directory of Companies in the Botanical Products Industry;
Directory of Companies in the Flavor, Fragrance & Essential Oil Industry; etc..."
For more information see Welcome to NewCROP or the Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture

BOTANICAL DERMATOLOGY DATABASE (BoDD) - Richard J. Schmidt, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. Multimedia Botanical Dermatology Database & Botanical Dermatology Lessons (Text & Images).
The "BoDD Main Index" Subject Categories include
"...Indexes of plant names;
Indexes of plant products;
Dermatological indexes;
Index of Botanical Dermatology Reviews;..."

DR. DUKE'S PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL DATABASES - J. Duke & S. Beckstrom-Sternberg, Hosted by the National Agricultural Library, USDA Multimedia Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases (Text & Images).
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
"...Data are the latest available. Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants...."
For more information see National Agricultural Library

PLANT SPECIES DATABASE MEDICINAL USES - Plants for a Future Multimedia Plants Species Databases, Lessons, etc. for Medicinal Uses (Text & Images).
Plants Species Databases for Medicinal Uses
"...There are many hundreds of medicinal plants that can be grown in temperate climates and there are probably a great deal more with properties as yet undiscovered...."
For more information see Plants for a Future

THE HERB HUNTERS GUIDE: AMERICAN MEDICINAL PLANTS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE - A.F. Sievers, Office of Drug and Related Plants, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and hosted by the Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University Multimedia Herb Database, Lessons, etc. (Text & Images).
The Herb Hunters Guide: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance has
"...been prepared as a guide to assist persons in acquainting themselves with those plants for which there is a demand, and to furnish helpful suggestions regarding the collection and preparation of such plants for market..."
For more information see Welcome to NewCROP or the Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture

Begonias

BEGONIAS - American Begonia Society Multimedia Begonias Database & Begonias Lessons (Text & Images).
Begonias
"...in the Virtual Greenhouse are arranged according to horticultural classification..."
Examples of "Begonias" Lessons include
"...Potting;
Seed starting;
Begonia Types;
Superbas;
Growing Begonias indoors; etc..."
For more information see the American Begonia Society

Bromeliads

BROMELIAD PHOTO INDEX - Florida Council of Bromeliad Societies Multimedia Bromeliads Database, Guides & Lessons (Text & Images). For more information see Florida Council of Bromeliad Societies

Examples of "Bromeliads" Databases & Guides include

FCBS Bromeliads Photo Index

FCBS Bromeliad Species Online Database

An Illustrated Guide To Asexual Reproduction

Examples of "Bromeliads" Lessons include

Bromeliads Culture

Bromeliads Pests and Diseases

Bromeliads Hybridizing, Pollination, Breeding, etc.

BROMELIAD GALLERY - Bromeliad Society International Multimedia Bromeliads Database, Guides & Lessons (Text & Images).
Bromeliads
"...are members of a plant family known as Bromeliaceae (bro-meh-lee-AH-say-eye). The family contains over 2700 described species in approximately 56 genera. The most well known bromeliad is the pineapple..."
Examples of "Bromeliads" Database, Guides & Lessons include
"...Bromeliad Taxonomy;
Taxonomy Primer;
Genera Gallery;
Cultivar Corner;
Growing Bromeliads; etc..."

Bulbs

BULBS DATABASE - Pacific Bulb Society Multimedia Bulbs Database, etc. (Text & Images). For more information see Pacific Bulb Society

Cactus & Succulents

THE CACTUS AND SUCCULENT PLANT PICTURE GALLERY - T. Mace, Cactus and Succulent Plant Mall Multimedia Cactus & Succulents Database (Text & Images). For more information see Cactus and Succulent Plant Mall

CATUS: ARICARPUS SPECIES - J. Miller & G. Bailey Multimedia Aricarpus Cactus Database (Text & Images). For more information see Aricarpus Living Rocks of Mexico

Carnivorous Plants

CARNIVOROUS PLANT DATABASE - R. Walker & J. Schlauer, HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA Multimedia Carnivorous Plant Database (Text & Images).
Carnivorous Plant Database
"...includes over 3000 entries giving an exhaustive nomenclatural synopsis of all Carnivorous Plants..."

Container Gardens & Hanging Baskets

FLORICULTURE: CONTAINER GARDENS & HANGING BASKETS - Floriculture Program, Aggie Horticulture Program, Texas Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A & M University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see TAMU Floriculture Program or Aggie Horticulture Program

Floriculture Program includes

Container Gardens
Container Gardens Lessons, Guidelines, Publications include
"...Design Principles;
Color Theory;
Color Wheel;
Photo Gallery; etc..."

Hanging Baskets
Hanging Baskets Lessons, Guidelines, Publications include
"...Growing Hanging Baskets;
Weeks to Finish a Hanging Basket;
Number of Plugs/10-inch Basket;
Mixed Hanging Baskets;
Monoculture Hanging Baskets;
Types of Containers for Hanging Baskets;
Photo Gallery; etc..."

CONTAINER GARDENS CONTAINER RECIPES - Proven Winners, LLC. Multimedia Container Gardens Database & Lessons (Text & Images).
Container Recipes includes
"...over "600" Combinations of Containers, Window Boxes & Hanging Baskets..."
Examples of "Container Gardens" Lessons Step-by-Step Instructions include
"...Exposure;
Pot Size;
Design; etc..."
For more information see Proven Winners

Cuscuta

DIGITAL ATLAS OF CUSCUTA - Laurier Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University Multimedia Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Text & Images).
Digital Atlas of Cuscuta serves primarely
"...as a comprehensive repository of visual taxonomic information for Cuscuta (dodders, Convolvulaceae), as well as an aid for the identification of its taxa. For the reasons mentioned below, our priority has been to make available the morphology of the type collections deposited in various herbaria worldwide..."
For more information see the Laurier Herbarium

Cycads & Palms

VIRTUAL CYCAD ENCYCLOPEDIA - Jody L. Haynes, Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. Multimedia Cycad Encyclopedia (Text & Images).
Cycads
"...Palm-like plants, pachycaul with tap-root and usually unbranched, dioecious. Leaves large, pinnate. Reproductive organs in cones...Cycads are dioecious plants, or in other words, there are separate male and female plants..."
Examples of "Cycad Encyclopedia" Chpaters include
"...Cycad Taxonomy;
Cycad Biology;
Cycad Horticulture;
Cycad Photo Gallery; etc..."
For more information see Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc.

VIRTUAL PALM ENCYCLOPEDIA - Jody L. Haynes, Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. Multimedia Palm Encyclopedia (Text & Images).
Palms
"...are long-lived, woody monocotyledons that are solitary or clumping in growth habit, bear a distinctive crown of leaves, produce unisexual or bisexual flowers on the same or separate plants..."
Examples of "Palm Encyclopedia" Chapters include
"...Palms: Scientific Description & Taxonomy;
Palm Identification Keys;
Palm Horticulture;
Palm Pest & Diseases;
Palm Photo Gallery; etc..."
For more information see Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc.

AFRICAN CYCADS: GENUS ENCEPHALARTOS - Blue Forest Productions Multimedia African Cycads: Genus Encephalartos Database (Text & Images).

Grass

GRASS GENERA OF THE WORLD - Authors: L. Watson & M.J. Dallwitz; and hosted by Botany Online, University of Hamburg Multimedia Grass Genera Database (Text & Images).
Grass Genera Database
"...contains detailed morphological, anatomical and physiological descriptions of over 800 grass genera..."
For more information see DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy

Gymnosperm - Conifers

GYMNOSPERM DATABASES - Edited by Christopher J. Earle; The Gymnosperm Database Multimedia Gymnosperm Databases (Text & Images). For more information see Gymnosperm Database: Home Pages

Examples of "Gymnosperm Databases" include

Gymnosperm Database

Conifers of Eastern North America Database

Conifers of Western North America Database

THE FAMILIES OF GYMNOSPERMS - L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz, and hosted by DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy Multimedia Gymnosperm Database (Text & Images).
The Families of Gymnosperms
"...The interactive key allows free choice of characters, is easy to use, and can lead to correct identifications in spite of occasional errors. It can display all the illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa..."
For more information see DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy

Halophytes: Salt-Tolerant Plants

Halophytes Databases

HALOPHYTE DATABASE: SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS AND THEIR USES - Author: Nicholas P. Yensen; Hosted by the United States Salinity Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, Department of Agriculture Multimedia Halophyte Database: Salt-Tolerant Plants and Their Uses (Text & Images).
Halophyte Database: Salt-Tolerant Plants and Their Uses is a searchable database
"...provided as a cooperative effort between the USDA-ARS U.S. Salinity Laboratory and NyPa International..."
For more information see USSL Research Databases or the United States Salinity Laboratory

Herbs

Herb Databases, Recipes, etc. Related Centers

FOR MORE DATABASES, RECIPES, ETC. SEE THE NUTRITION CENTER

Herb Databases

GERNOT KATZER'S SPICE PAGE - G. Katzer, Austria Multimedia Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages Recipes (Text & Images).
Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages
"...I present solid information on (currently) 117 different spice plants, etc..."
For more information see Gernot Katzer's Home Page

HERBAL: A MODERN - Author: M. Grieve, Botanical.com Multimedia Herbal Common Name Index (Text & Images).
A Modern Herbal
"...includes over "800" Herbal Verieties..."
Each Herb within "A Modern Herbal" includes the following
"...Description;
Constituents;
Medicinal Action and Uses;
Dosage and Preparations;
Synonyms;
Part Used;
Habitat; etc..."
For more information see A Modern Herbal, Botanical Com

Jungle Plants & Trees

JUNGLE SEEDS CATALOGUE/DATABASE - JungleSeeds&Gardens, South Oxfordshire, U.K. Multimedia Jungle Plants & Trees Database (Text & Images).
Examples of "Jungle Plants & Trees" Database includes
"...Bananas;
Brugmansias;
Conservatory;
Eucalyptus;
Flowering Pot Plants;
Gingers;
Exotic Trees;
Hibiscus Species;
Tropical Climbers;
Tropical Fruit; etc..."

Native Plants

ANDEAN FLOWERING PLANT FAMILY DATABASE - Andean Botanical Information System (ABIS) Multimedia Andean Flowering Plant Database (Text & Images).
Andean Flowering Plant Database
"...represents an effort to provide information from the floristic and systematic investigations of the phanerogams (flowering plants) of Andean South America..."
For more information see Index (English & Español) or Andean Botanical Information System (ABIS)

HAWAIIAN NATIVE PLANTS - G. Carr, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii Multimedia Hawaiian Native Plants Databases (Text & Images).
Examples of "Hawaiian Native Plants" Databases include
"...Non-Flowering Plants (Fern Allies & Ferns);
Flowering Plants (Dicots & Monocots)..."
For more information see Gerald (Gerry) Carr's Home Page or the Department of Botany

Orchids

THE ORCHID HOUSE - J. Bolce, University of Waterloo, Canada Multimedia Orchids Database & Orchids Lessons (Text & Images).
Orchids
"...One of the oldest and best organized of plant hobbies, orchid culture now enjoys worldwide popularity. Their incredible beauty and diversity captivate men and women of every walk of life..."

Parasitic Plants

PARASITIC PLANT CONNECTION - D. Nickrent, Department of Plant Biology, College of Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Multimedia Parasitic Plants Databases (Text & Images). For more information see College of Science

Examples of Databases include

Parasitic Plant Genera

Terms Associated with Parasitic Plants

Roses

THE ROSE DATABASE - moderated by Calif_Sue, zuzu, National Gardening Association Multimedia Rose Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE.
The Roses database
Includes over "6,000" Roses, over "20,000" Images.
For more information see the National Gardening Association

GROWING ROSES VIDEOS (QUICKTIME) - The Lubbock Rose Society, Lubbock Research & Extension Center, and the Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University System Multimedia Growing Roses Videos (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE.
Videos located at bottom of the Page.
Growing Roses Videos Subject Categories include
"...Planting Bare Root Roses Videos;
Planting Potted Roses Videos;
Spring Pruning of Roses Videos;
Deadheading Roses Videos;
Aphid Control on Roses Videos;
Thrips Control on Roses Videos;
Identifying and Removing Rootstock Videos; etc..."
For more information see the Lubbock Research & Extension Center

Botany

Plant Classification

Plant Identification ~ Botany Indexes

Photosynthesis Courses, Lectures, etc.

Plant Biology & Botany Courses, Lectures, etc.

Plant Fossils ~ Pathology ~ Plant Viruses ~ Diseases

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

Plant Classification Databases

INTEGRATED TAXONOMIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGAL, MONERA) - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Geological Survey (USGS); Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS); National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution; National Biological Information Infrastructure; National Park Service; Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada; CONABIO, Mexico and hosted by the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Multimedia Integrated Taxonomic Database (Text & Images).
Integrated Taxonomic Database
"...authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, and microbes of North America and the world..."

PLANT IDENTIFICATION

Plant Identification Databases

WORLD WIDE FLOWERING PLANT IDENTIFICATION - R. Phillips, Department of Biology, Colby College Multimedia Interactive Flowering Plant Database (Text & Images).
Flowering Plant Identification
"...is a polyclave key that allows you to select from among characteristics available in thespecimen at hand, rather than following a sequence found in a traditional, dichotomous, printed key. It is especially useful if the specimen is fragmentary, as with archaeological or anthropological specimens, in which only part of a plant is represented. This key is world-wide in scope covering all flowering plants..."
For more information see Biology 211: Flowering Plant Taxonomy or the Department of Botany

WEED IDENTIFICATION - DATABASE - College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Multimedia Weed Identification Database (Text & Images). For more information see the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

BOTANY & PALAEOBOTANY INDEXES

Palaebotany

PALAEOBOTANY - Klaus-Peter Kelber, Mineralogisches Institut, Universität Würzburg Multimedia Palaebotany Index (Text & Images). For more information see Klaus-Peter Kelber's Home Page

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis: C₃ and C₄

SHINING FREST LIGHT ON THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Authors: A. Samal (International Center for Theoretical Physics, Italy) & O.C. Martin (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France); eLife 2013;2:e01403, 9/28/2013; Published by: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, Cambridge, U.K. Multimedia "Shining fresh light on the evolution of photosynthesis" Publication (Text & Images).
"Shining fresh light on the evolution of photosynthesis"
"...There are two types of photosynthesis, C₃ and C₄,..."
For more information see eLife

PHENOTYPIC LANDSCAPE INFERENCE REVEALS MULTIPLE EVOLUTIONARY PATHS TO C₄ PHOTOSYNTHESIS - B.P. Williams, S. Covshoff & J.M. Hibberd (Deparment of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, U.K.) and I.G. Johnston (Department of Mathematics, Imperial College of London); eLife eLife 2013;2:e00961, 9/28/2013; Published by: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, Cambridge, U.K. Multimedia "Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C₄ photosynthesis" Publication (Text & Images).
"Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C₄ photosynthesis"
"...C₄ photosynthesis is both highly complex, involving alterations to leaf anatomy, cellular ultrastructure, and photosynthetic metabolism, and also convergent, being found in at least 60 independent lineages of angiosperms..."
For more information see eLife

Photosynthesis Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS - M.F. Farabee, Estrella Mountain Community College, A Maricopa Community College, Tempe, Arizona Multimedia Photosynthesis Lessons (Text & Images).
Examples of "Photosynthesis" Lessons include
"...Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments;
The structure of the chloroplast and photosynthetic membranes;
Stages of Photosynthesis;
The Light Reactions; C-4 Pathway; etc..."
For more information see the Online Biology Book or the Estrella Mountain Community College

PLANT BIOLOGY & BOTANY

Plant Biology & Botany Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc.

Plant Anatomy Atlases, Courses, Lectures, Lessons

PLANT ANATOMY - Author: James D. Mauseth, Mauseth's Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas Multimedia Plant Anatomy Online Book (Text & Images).
Examples of "Plant Anatomy: Micrographs of Plant Cells and Tissues, with Explanatory Text" Book Chapters & Subchapters include
"...Parenchyma
"...Primary pit fields;
Wall, face view;
Nucleate cells;
Compact parenchyma;
Intercellular spaces; etc..."
Sclerenchyma;
Xylem;
Collenchyma;
Phloem;
Epidermis
"...Epidermal peels;
Cycad peel;
Typical stoma;
Sunken stoma;
Stomata and fibers; etc..."
Stems;
Meristems;
Secretory;
Wood: Secondary xylem;
Secondary phloem;
Periderm, Bark; etc..."
For more information see Mauseth Lab; James Mauseth's Faculty Home Page; Department of Integrative Biology or the College of Natural Sciences

PHOTORGAPHIC ATLAS OF PLANT ANATOMY - Authors: John D. Curtis, Emeritus (University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point), Nels R. Lersten, Emeritus (Iowa State University) & Michael D. Nowak (University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point); University of Wisconsin-System Botanical Image Library Multimedia Photographic Atlas of Plant Anatomy (Text & Images).
Examples of "Photographic Atlas of Plant Anatomy" Sections include
"...Sclerenchyma;
External Wood Features;
Xylem Development;
Leaf External Morphology;
Primary Xylem;
Dicot Leaf Cross-Sections;
Phloem;
Root Secondary Growth;
Non-secretory Trichomes; etc..."
For more information see University of Wisconsin-System Botanical Image Library

Botany Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc.

GENERAL BOTANY - 130 - Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Multimedia General Botany Image Database (Text & Images).
Examples of "General Botany Image Database" Sections include
"...Angiosperm;
Bryophytes;
Chlorophyta;
Ferns;
Fruits;
Fungi;
Gymnosperms;
Meiosis;
Mitosis;
Organic;
Photosynthesis;
Plant Morphology; etc..."
For more information see Department of Botany Instructional Technology or the Department of Botany

GENERAL BOTANY FOR NON-SCIENCE MAJORS: PBIO 100 - P.J. Bottino, J.M. Browning & T.J. Cooke, Department of Plant Biology, University of Maryland Multimedia General Botany Course (Text & Images).
Examples of "General Botany for Non-Science Majors" Course Sections & Lectures include
How Plants Function
"...Introduction to Plants;
The Cell;
Plant Anatomy and Physiology;
Photosynthesis and Energy;
DNA, RNA and Proteins;
Mendelian Genetics; etc..."
Diversity of Plant Life
"...Plant Systematics;
Adaptations;
Viruses and Prokaryotics;
Eukaryotes and Fungi; etc..."
Human Uses of Flowering Plants
"...Agriculture and Human Nutrition;
The Grasses;
Legumes, Starchy Staples;
Plant Fibers: Cloth and Paper;
Herbs and Spices; etc..."
Ecology
"...Terrestrial Biomes expanded version;
Aquatic Biomes;
Atmosphere and the Environment;
Plant Biotechnology; etc..." etc.

For more information see Plant Biology

PLANT FOSSILS

Plant Fossils Databases

PLANT FOSSIL DATABASES - International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP) Multimedia Plant Fossils Databases (Text & Images). For more information see International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP)

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Plant Pathology Glossaries

ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF PLANT PATHOLOGY - Authors: C.J. D'Arcy, D.M. Eastburn, & G. L. Schumann; Americal Phytopathological Society Multimedia Illustrated Glossary of Plant Pathology (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). For more information see the Americal Phytopathological Society

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN PLANT PATHOLOGY - P.A. Arneson & K.T. Hodge, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe-Biology, Cornell University Multimedia Glossary of Technical Terms in Plant Pathology (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). For more information see the Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe-Biology

Plant Pathology Courses, Databases & Cases

PLANT PATHOLOGY - Americal Phytopathological Society Multimedia Plant Pathology Courses, Databases & Cases (Text, Images & Simulations).
Examples of "Plant Pathology" Categories & Subcategories include
Introductory Plant Patholog
"...Introductions to the Major Pathogen Groups;
Plant Disease Lessons;
Plant Disease Management Simulations;
Plant Pathology Case Studies; etc..."
Advanced Plant Pathology
Advanced Plant Disease Management Simulations;
Advanced Topics in Plant Pathology; etc..."
Illustrated Glossary; etc.
For more information see the Americal Phytopathological Society

PLANT VIRUSES

Viruses Databases

ICTV VIRUS TAXONOMY - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Multimedia ICTV Virus Taxonomy Database (Text & Images).
Click ON Latest Release.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Database
"...The goal of this undertaking is to categorize the multitude of known viruses into a single classification scheme that reflects their evolutionary relationships, i.e. their individual phylogenies..."
For more information see the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses or the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS)

PLANT DISEASES

Plant Diseases Databases

COMMON NAMES FOR PLANT DISEASES - Compiled by the Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases of The American Phytopathological Society Multimedia Plant Diseases Databases (Text & Images).
Common Names of Plant Diseases
"...The Common Names of Plant Diseases lists have been prepared by authorities on the given plants and include approved common names, along with the associated pathogens or causes..."
For more information see the American Phytopathological Society

Pollination,
Pruning Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,
& Plant Propagation

POLLINATION
(Courses, Lectures, etc.)

PRUNING ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS
(Courses, Lectures, etc.)

PLANT PROPAGATION
(Courses, Lectures, etc.)

Plant Propagation Courses & Lectures

Houseplants Propagation Courses & Lectures

Garden & Landscape Plant Propagation Courses & Lectures

Nursery Crop Plant Propagation Courses & Lecture

Fruit Plant Propagation Courses & Lecture

Trees, Shrub, Groundcovers & Palms Propagation Courses & Lecture

PLANT POLLINATION

Plant Pollination

BUZZ POLLINATION - A. Leonard, Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada Multimedia Buzz Pollination Technical Reports & Videos (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound).
Buzz Pollination
"...During buzz pollination (also known as sonication), bees rapidly contract their indirect flight muscles, producing strong vibrations that forcibly expel pollen out from inside the flower's anthers. While sonicating, bees can generate forces of up to 30 G!..."
For more information see Anne Leonard’s Laboratory; Anne Leonard’s Faculty Home Page or the Department of Biology

BEE SPECIES DIVERSITY ENHANCES PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY IN A PERENNIAL CROP - Authors: S.R. Rogers, D.R. Tarpy, and H.J. Burrack, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University; Published: 5/9/2014, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097307; Publisher: PLOS ONE Multimedia Bee Species Diversity Enhances Productivity and Stability in a Perennial Crop Publication (Text & Images).
"Bee Species Diversity Enhances Productivity and Stability in a Perennial Crop"
"...We found that the abundance of managed honey bees, Apis mellifera, and wild-bee richness were equally important in describing resulting open pollination. Wild-bee richness was a better predictor of pollination than wild-bee abundance..."
"...Our findings add to a growing literature that diverse pollinator communities provide more stable and productive ecosystem services..."
For more information see POLS ONE; David R. Tarpy's Lab Home Page: Apiculture Program; David R. Tarpy's Faculty Home Page; Hannah J. Burrack's Faculty Home Page or the Department of Entomology

INSECT POLLINATION OF CULTIVATED CROP PLANTS - S.E. McGregor, Honey Bee Research Unit, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA, Tucson, Arizona Multimedia Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants Book - PDF, 849 Pages (Text & Images).
Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants Book
"...The First and Only Virtual Beekeeping Book Updated Continously. Additions listed by crop and date..."
Examples of "Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants" Chapters & Subchapters include
Introduction
"...Economics of Plant Pollination;
Flowering and Fruiting of Plants;
Wild Bees and Wild Bee Culture..."
Examples of "Crops Dependent upon or Benefited by Insect Pollination" include
"...Alfafa;
Almonds;
Clover & Relatives;
Legumes & Relatives;
Tree Fruits & Nuts;
Exotic Fruits & Nuts;
Common Vegetables for Seed & Fruit;
Small Fruits & Brambles; etc..."

For more information see Online Books; Publications or the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center

PRUNING ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS

Pruning Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

PRUNING DECIDUOUS SHADE TREES - E. Davison & T. DeGomez, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, University of Arizona Multimedia Pruning Deciduous Shade Trees (Text & Images). For more information see Publications or the College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Cooperative Extension

PLANT PROPAGATION

Plant Propagation

PLANT PROPAGATION - Arizona Master Gardener Manual, Arizona Cooperative Exension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona Multimedia Plant Propagation Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE.
Click on "Plant propagation"
Plant propagation
"...is the process of multiplying the numbers of a species, perpetuating a species, or maintaining the youthfulness of a plant..."
For more information see Master Gardener Program; Arizona Cooperative Exension or the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Houseplants Propagation

PROPAGATION OF HOUSEPLANTS - M.A. Gowdy, Division of Plant Sciences (Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture and Plant Microbiology & Pathology), College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Multimedia House Plant Propagation Lessons (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE.
Examples of "House Plant Propagation" Lessons include
"...Cuttings;
Division & Layering (Air layering & Compound layering); etc..."
For more information see Flowers and Houseplants Publications; Lawn and Garden; MU Extension or the Division of Plant Sciences (Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture and Plant Microbiology & Pathology)

Garden & Landscape Plant Propagation

HOME PROPAGATION OF GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS - M.A. Gowdy & C.J. Starbuck, Division of Plant Sciences (Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture and Plant Microbiology & Pathology), College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Multimedia Garden & Landscape Plants Propagation Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE.
Examples of "Garden & Landscape Plants Propagation" Lessons include
"...Cuttings;
Layering (Air layering & Compound layering);
Division;
Chart for Propagation techniques for common garden plants..."
For more information see Flowers and Houseplants Publications; Lawn and Garden; MU Extension or the Division of Plant Sciences (Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture and Plant Microbiology & Pathology)

LANDSCAPE PLANT PROPAGATION INFORMATION - D.L. Ingram & B. Schutzman, Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Multimedia Plant Propagation Lessons (Text & Images).
Examples of each "Plant Propagation" Lessons includes
Common Name or Scientific Name;
Plant Type;
Primary Method of Propagation;
Alternate Propagation Method(s);
Propagation by Cuttings
"...Cutting type;
Time of year to take cuttings;
Cutting maturity;
Rooting hormone;
Rooting environment;
Soil temperature for best rooting;
Time to rooting; etc..."
Propagation by Seed
"...Time of year to collect seed;
Time of year to sow seed;
Preferred temperature for germination; etc..."
Propagation by Layering
"...Type of Layering;
Time of year to layer; etc..."
Propagation by Grafting
"...Time of year to graft;
Type of graft; etc..." etc.

For more information see Plant Information Database; Environmental Horticulture or the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

Nursery Crop Plant Propagation

GRAFTING AND BUDDING NURSERY CROP PLANTS - North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Multimedia Grafting & Budding Nursery Crop Plants Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE.
Examples of "Grafting Nursery Crop Plants" Lessons include
"...When to Graft;
Selecting and Handling Scion Wood;
Cleft graft;
Bark graft;
Side-veneer graft;
Splice graft;
Whip and tongue graft;
Saddle graft;
Bridge graft;
Inarch graft; etc..."
Examples of "Budding Nursery Crop Plants" Lessons include
Preparing the Rootstock;
Preparing the Budwood;
Budding Techniques;
T-budding; etc..."
For more information see Propagation; Horticultural Science Extension Publications; Department of Horticulture Science Extension; Department of Horticulture Science; North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service or the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Fruit Plant Propagation

PROPAGATING DECIDUOUS FRUIT PLANTS - M.E. Ferree and G. Krewer, UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia Multimedia Propagating Deciduous Fruit Plants Lessons (Text & Images).
Examples of "Propagating Deciduous Fruit Plants" Lessons include
"...T-budding and Whip Grafting;
Grafting Techniques to Topwork Existing Trees;
Grafting Techniques to Repair Trees;
Summary of T-budding and Grafting;
Fruits Propagated by Cutting, Runners, Layering and Stooling; etc..."
For more information see the UGA Cooperative Extension or the College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences

PLANT PROPAGATION CHART FOR FRUIT GROWERS - C. Sweet, California Rare Fruit Growers (CRFG) Multimedia Plant Propagation Chart for Fruit Growers (Text & Images).
Plant Propagation Chart determines for each Plant whether it can be Proagated by:
"...Seed;
Hardwood Cuttings;
Semi-Hardwood Cuttings;
Softwood Cuttings;
Grafting;
Air Layering;
Root Cuttings or Offshoots/Division..."
For more information see California Rare Fruit Growers (CRFG)

Trees, Shrub, Groundcovers & Palms Propagation

PLANT PROPAGATION & GRAFTING - Extension Horticulturists, Texas Cooperative Extension & the Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Texas A&M University Multimedia Plant Propagation & Grafting Lessons (Text & Images).
Examples of "Plant Propagation & Grafting" Lessons include
"...The Four-Flap Graft;
Texas Inlay Bark Graft;
Inlay Bark Graft;
Greenwood Grafting;
T-Budding Citrus; etc..."
For more information see Aggie Horticulture

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