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MARTINDALE’S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER METEOROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, WEATHER ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY & ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS CENTER (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, |
Meteorology Courses, Dictionaries & Glossaries
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Meteorology Courses, Dictionaries & Glossaries
and abbreviations used by the NWS. Many of these terms and abbreviations are used by NWS forecasters to communicate between each other and have been in use for many years and before many NWS products were directly available to the public…” For more information see the
For more information see the
“…a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. Produced in extensive consultation with NASA scientists, NOVA takes data from earth-observing satellites and transforms it into dazzling visual sequences,..” For more information see
Climate; Coastal Weather; Convective Weather; Fire Weather; Fog and Low Stratus; Hurricanes/Tropical; Hydrology/Flooding; Marine Met/Oceans; NWP Modeling; Radar Meteorology; Satellite Meteorology; Space Weather; etc…” For more information see the
Temperature Scales; Heat Transfer, Conduction, Convection, Radiation, etc.; Interaction of Short Wave & Long Wave Radiation with the Atmosphere; etc…” Atmospheric Moisture
Moisture Variables, Absolute Humidity, Specific Humidity, Vapor Pressure, etc….” Condensation: Dew, Fog, and Clouds
Fog Formation, Radiation Fog, Advection Fog, Upslope Fog, Steam Fog, etc. Formation of Haze; etc…” Stability and Cloud Development;
Processes in Cold Clouds, Homogeneous Freezing, Deposition; Rain; Snow; Hail; etc. Air Pressure, Forces, and Winds; For more information see
to the basic concepts of meteorology and air quality necessary to understand meteorological computer models…” For more information see
the earth’s atmosphere. It discusses the classification and origin of the many atmospheric components, including the growing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and the threats they pose to us and our environment…”
and produce violent storms . In this session we will discuss the characteristics of a stable versus an unstable atmosphere and explore several methods that are used to determine atmospheric stability…”
with global and large scale weather patterns followed by lessons on air masses, wind patterns, cloud formations, thunderstorms, lightning, hail, damaging winds, tornados, tropical storms, cyclones and flooding. Interspersed in JetStream are “Learning Lessons” which can be used to enhance the educational experience…” Examples of the National Weather Service’s “Weather School” Course Subject Categories include
The Ocean; Global Circulations; Synoptic Meteorology; Thunderstorms; Lightning; Tropical Weather; Remote Sensing; etc…” For more information see the
supplemented with frequent real-world examples of the phenomena of interest…” For more information see
Lecture 4: Boundary Layer Meteorology; Lecture: 6: Downslope Wind Storms; etc…” For more information see
Shallow water equations; nondispersive and dispersive wave; Internal gravity waves; Large-scale flow: PV dynamics and Rossby waves; etc…” For more information see
Boundary-Layer Phenomena and Mesoscale Instabilities;
Land & Sea Breezes; etc…” Deep Convective Storms and Mesoscale Systems
Multicell Storms; Supercell Storms; Dynamics of Supercell Storms; etc…” Tornado Dynamics; For more information see
Planetary Boundary Layer and Related Phenomena; Convective Dynamics
Multicell Thunderstorms; Squall Lines; Bright Bands, Bow Echoes and Mesoscale Convective Complexes; Supecell Storms and Dynamics: Thunderstorm Dynamics, etc.; Tornadoes and Tornado Dynamics; etc…” Hurricanes; etc…” For more information see
Transport of Heat, Momentum, and PV; Stratospheric Rossby Waves; Impact of Large-scale Waves on the Stratosphere; Gravity Waves and their role in the middle Atmosphere Circulation; etc…” For more information see
Hadley Cel; Walker Circulation; Intraseasonal and Interseasonal Variability; Monsoon; Tropical Jets and Disturbances; Tropical Cyclone Formation; Tropical Cyclone Structure; Tropical Cyclone Motion; Extratropical and Tropical Transition; etc…” For more information see |
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Weather & Climate Lessons with Calculators & Applets
WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATMOSPHERE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Weather Calculators & Applets – All Inclusive
Vapor Pressure Calculator output values include:
Air Density Calculators & Applets
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is the same as the density of the air being evaluated. (The Standard Atmosphere is simply a mathematical model of the atmosphere which is standardized so that predictable calculations can be made.). So, the basic idea of calculating density altitude is to calculate the actual density of the air, and then find the altitude at which that same air density occurs in the Standard Atmosphere. Air Density Calculators & Density Altitude Calculators include:
Density Altitude Calculator; Virtual Temperature Calculator; Altimeter Setting to Actual Pressure Calculator; etc…” For more information see
Atmosphere Calculators & Applets
aerodynamic quantities on a reference body. The calculator is based on methods documented in the official U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. This version includes the lower atmosphere below an altitude of 53.4 miles (86 km)…” Atmospheric Properties Calculator INPUT Values include:
Altitude; Temperature Increment; Velocity; Reference Length…” Atmospheric Properties Calculator OUTPUT Values include:
Acceleration of Gravity; Mean Molecular Weight; Kinetic Temperature; Molecular Temperature; Pressure; Density; Dynamic Viscosity; Kinematic Viscosity; Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity; Pressure Scale Height; Airspeed; Equivalent Airspeed; Airspeed Compressibility Correction; Compressible Dynamic Pressure; etc…” For more information see
Standard Atmosphere Calculator OUTPUT values include:
Pressure; Speed of Sound; Viscosity; Mach Number; Dynamic Pressure; Critical Cp; Vacuum Cp; Reynolds Number; Laminar Cf; Turbulent Cf…” For more information see the
transmission and upwelling radiance…” Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator INPUT Values include:
Latitude & Longitude; Use atmospheric profile for closest integer lat/long or
Use mid-latitude summer standard atmosphere for upper atmospheric profile or
Use Landsat-7 Band 6 spectral response curve; etc…” For more information see the
Cloud Model & CO2 in Atmosphere…” For more information see |
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CLIMATOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC.
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ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DICTIONARIES & GLOSSARIES
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. Graduate Atmospheric Chemistry Courses, Lectures & Textbooks
The N Cycle; Carbon Monoxide; Methane; Sulfur; Halogens; Odd Hydrogen, HOx; Biogenic hydrocarbons; Vertical Flux; etc…” For more information see Graduate Clouds, Aerosols & Climate Course
Fundamentals of aerosols and clouds. Part 2. Observations; Representation of aerosol processes in models; Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions: Aerosol indirect effects; etc…” For more information see Graduate Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Course
Modeling of radiative fluxes and heating/cooling rates in the IR; Light scattering and absorption by atmospheric particulates; Principles of multiple scattering in the atmosphere. Radiative transfer equation with scattering for solar radiation in a plane-parallel atmosphere; Methods for solving the radiative transfer equation with multiple scattering; Methods for solving the radiative transfer equation with multiple scattering; Total radiative heating/cooling rate; etc…” For more information see Graduate Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Oceans Course
Modeling of particle optical characteristics with Mie theory. Remote sensing based on direct solar radiation. AERONET.; Remote sensing of aerosols in the visible and near-IR.; Passive microwave remote sensing: retrievals of total precipitable water and cloud liquid water; Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds.; etc…” For more information see ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DATABASES, MODELS, CALCULATORS, SPREADHSEETS (XLS), ETC.
Solar Zenith Angle Calculator; Photolysis Rate Calculator; Nitrogen Reservoir Species Calculator; etc…” For more information see
order to provide recommendations that are as up-to-date as possible, preprints and written private communications are accepted, but only when it is expected that they will appear as published journal articles. Under no circumstances are rate constants adjusted to fit observations of atmospheric concentrations…” Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies includes
Termolecular Reactions; Equilibrium Constants; Photochemical Data; Heterogeneous Chemistry; etc…” For more information see
aerosol systems containing inorganic and organic components and water, and solute and solvent activities in aqueous solutions and liquid mixtures…” For more information see the
the UV wavelength have the potential to break usually fairly stable molecules into very reactive fragments (photolysis) and thus initiate reaction chains otherwise unlikely or even impossible…” Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible (TUV) Radiation Calculator
time (input option 1), or for a given solar zenith angle (input option 2). In either case, you must also specify the additional parameters in the second column. Also, you may…” For more information see
degredation of 135 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere…” “…Originally developed to investigate the production of ozone in the troposphere, the mechanism also aims to provide a RESEARCH TOOL for investigating areas where detailed chemistry is required, eg. the generation of intermediates…” For more information see the ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC.
Atmospheric Radiation; Atmospheric Chemistry; Atmospheric Dynamics; etc…” For more information see
Atmospheric Thermodynamics (Gas Laws and Hydrostatic Equation); Atmospheric Thermodynamics (First Law of Thermodynamics and Adiabatic Processes); Atmospheric Thermodynamics (Water Vapor, Static Stability); Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations; Circulation and Vorticity; etc…” For more information see
Radiation in the Atmosphere; Climate Change; Atmospheric Thermodynamics and the role of Water Vapour; Introduction to Dynamics of the Atmosphere For more information see
RELATED SECTIONS & CENTERS FOR VOLCANIC LIGHTNING SEE FOR VOLCANOLOGY COURSES, DATABASES, LECTURES, ETC. SEE THE VOLCANOLOGICAL METEOROLOGY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC.
Examples from over “20” “ASHFALL” Course Video Lectures include
Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation Video Lecture; Size of Volcanic Ash Video Lecture; Particle Fall through the Atmosphere Video Lecture; Volcanological Meteorology Video Lecture; Thunderstorms and Volcanic Clouds Video Lecture; Direct Sampling of Volcanic Clouds Video Lecture; Detecting Volcanic Ash from Space Video Lecture; SO2 Remote Sensing Video Lecture; Bonadonna Tephra Deposits Characteristics Video Lecture; Chaiten Eruption Observations Video Lecture; etc…” For more information see |
Atmospheric Measurement Instruments
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Atmospheric Measurement Instruments:
Aircraft: Hurricane Reconnaissance, Airborne Instruments; Satellites & their Instruments; Radar Calculators; etc.
Coordinate and Time Systems; GPS Satellite Orbits; Continue Estimation now Examining it from a Statistical Point of View; Kalman Filter approach to Estimation; Timing in GPS; Tropospheric Delay Estimation; Antennas and Calibrations; Processing Software; etc…” For more information see
of the RAC is to train NWS forecasters (meteorologists and hydrologists) on the use of the radar in the forecast and warning decision making process. The course covers Doppler radar theory, technological aspects of the WSR-88D as it…” Examples of “WSR-88D Radar: The Radar & Applications Course (RAC) FY18” Course Sections & Lectures include
Introduction to the WSR-88D System; Principles of Meteorological Doppler Radar
Base Data Generation; Clutter Suppression; Mitigation of Data Ambiguities GotoWebinar Session; etc. Base and Derived Products
Base Spectrum Width; Storm Cell Identification and Tracking; Hail Detection Algorithm; Digital Vertically Integrated Liquid; Layer Composite Reflectivity Maximum; Enhanced Echo Tops; Velocity Cross Section; Mesocyclone and Digital Mesocyclone; etc. Convective Storm Structure and Evolution
Single Cell Downbursts; Supercell Morphology: Radar Reflectivity; Tornado Hazards; Multicell Archetypes; etc. System Operations and Control; etc…” For more information see
Modeling of particle optical characteristics with Mie theory. Remote sensing based on direct solar radiation. AERONET.; Remote sensing of aerosols in the visible and near-IR.; Passive microwave remote sensing: retrievals of total precipitable water and cloud liquid water; Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds.; etc…” For more information see
National Spatial Reference System: Datums, Networks, Coordinate Systems Operations, Field Procedures; Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Shoreline Mapping Special Projects; etc…” For more information see the
Atmospheric Profiling; Clouds; Radiometers; Surface Energy Flux; Surface Meteorology; etc…” For more information see
Model (GCM) parameterizations of clouds and their effect on the spectral radiative energy balance…” For more information see
to complex dispersion and deposition simulations…” Transport and Dispersion Models
Short-Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) Dispersion; Gaussian Plume Model; Manned Balloon Flight Tools; etc…” Volcanic Ash Transport And Dispersion; For more information see |
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For more information see
For more information see
“…The program provides a long-term, continuous and readily accessible public domain database of aerosol optical, mircrophysical and radiative properties for aerosol research and characterization, validation of satellite retrievals, and…”
X-Band Radars; Ka-Band Radars; W-BAnd Radars; etc…” For more information see
surface (i.e., pavement and soil), and/or hydrologic (i.e., water level) conditions…” Environmental Sensor Station includes
Precipitation Sensor, Precipitation Accumulation Sensor; Visibility Sensor; Temperature/Dewpoint Sensor; Snow Depth Sensor; Road Surface Sensor; Subsurface Sensor; Water Level Sensor & Pressure Sensor For more information see
Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR); Cloud LIDAR System (CLS); Composition and Photo-Dissociative Flux Measurement (CPFM); ER-2 Doppler Radar (EDOP); High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS); Microwave Imaging Radiometer (MIR); Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP); etc…” For more information see
and collinear. Return signal collected by the telescope is separated by use of dichroics…”
aerosol scattering ratio, aerosol backscattering coefficient, aerosol depolarization and liquid water mixing ratio…”
“…national and international meteorological, oceanographic and environmental research programs…” “…Sea surface temperature radiometer; CO2 air temperature radiometer; GPS dropwindsonde atmospheric profiling system; Airborne Expendable Bathythermographs (AXBT’s); etc…” Rockwell Aero Commander (AC-500S)
aeronautical charts, high-resolution aerial photography, and snow water equivalent and soil moisture content measurements…” For more information see |
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Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E); Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); Cloud’s and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES); etc…” For more information see
Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR); Wide Field Camera (WFC)…” For more information see
For more information see
GOES-O Sounder
spectral range from the visible channel wavelengths to 15 microns…” GOES-O Space Environment Monitor
Two Magnetometer Sensors; Solar X-ray Sensor (XRS); Solar X-Ray Imager (SXI)…” For more information see
For more information see the
Earth-observing satellite system that will collect data on both long-term climate change and short-term weather conditions…” Five Instruments on the NPP Satellite include
Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS); Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS); Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS); Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)…”
applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global sea surface temperature measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications…” For more information see the
TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI); Visible and InfraRed Scanner (VIRS); Lightning Imaging Sensor; etc…”
and users of NOAA environmental satellite data. While the emphasis is on the U.S. Polar orbiting and the GOES series of satellites, limited information is also provided for the satellites operated by other countries and agencies…”
Radar Antenna Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
Radar Antenna Calculator provided on this page helps to find answers…” Radar Antenna Calculator INPUT Values include:
Vertical Beamwidth; Antenna Gain; etc…” Also includes a table that
For more information see Radar Beamwidth & Radar Beam Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
volume…This applet provides a simpler way to get this information. In addition to providing the user the beam center height, it also provides the beam top height, beam bottom height, and the beam width…” Beamwidth Calculator (Beam Property Calculator) INPUT Values include:
For more information see Radar Boundary-Relative Speed Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
schematic diagram in an operational environment…” Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator
variables (cell speed, cell direction, and boundary speed; all speeds in m s-1) to compute the boundary-relative velocity at points all along the circular boundary…” For more information see Radar “Free-Space Range” Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
maximum range determined from the parameters of a radar system (antenna and transmitter/receiver combination)…” Radar Free-Space Range Calculator INPUT Values include:
Radar Transmitter/Receiver
Target
Also includes
NAVGEN Algorithm to determine 2D Position Fixing Errors; etc…” For more information see Radar Horizon Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
the target visibility range…” Radar Horizon Calculator INPUT Values include:
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SATELLITE INTEGRATION TRAINING COURSES, MANUALS, ETC.
The UW NearCasting Product Video Course; Water Vapor Imagery Analysis for Severe Weather Video Course; The UW Convective Initiation Product Video Course; POES and AVHRR Satellite Products in AWIPS Video Course; ASCAT Winds Video Course; Blended TPW Products Video Course; TC Intensity Model Guidance used by NHC Video Course; etc…” For more information see
REGIONAL & NATIONAL WEATHER FORCASTING TRAINING COURSES, MANUALS, ETC.
including teletraining, web-based training, assignments, and printed material; AWOC Flash Flood Track Course; AWOC Winter Track Course; etc…” AWIPS Training Course; etc. For more information see |
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WEATHER BALLOON COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC.
BALLOON-BORNE RAWINSONDE SYSTEMS LESSONS, EXPERIMENTS, ETC. GPS ADVANCED UPPER-AIR SOUNDING SYSTEM LESSONS, EXPERIMENTS, ETC. BALLOON-BORNE ELECTRIC FIELD METER LESSONS, EXPERIMENTS, ETC. PILOT WEATHER BALLOON (PIBAL) LESSONS, EXPERIMENTS, ETC. RAWINSONDE NETWORKS & DATABASES WEATHER BALLOON CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations Handbook
Systems and Equipment; Preflight Procedures and Success Criteria; Quality Control at the Stations; Processing Souding Data; Pilot Balloon Observations; etc…” Examples of “Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations” Handbook Appendixes include
Computational Formulae and Constants; Pilot Balloon and Rawinsonde Encoding and Decoding; etc…” For more information see Balloon-Borne Rawinsonde System – GPS Advanced Upper-Air Sounding System
Through GPS technology, the GAUS measures high vertical resolution of temperature, humidity and winds at locations around the world…” For more information see Launching a Weather Ballon – Launching a Radiosonde
Balloon-Borne Electric Field Meter
for measuring temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and GPS-derived winds and location; and an electric field meter for measuring the vector electric field in the storm along the flight path. Prior to launch, a balloon is encased in the launch tube and inflated with helium…” For more information see Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Lessons, etc.
wind direction and velocity at various altitudes. The procedures for setup, operation and data reduction of a single theodolite station are covered in the following sections. Observations are made by following the ascent of a small rubber helium or hydrogen filled balloon with a balloon theodolite. The balloon is inflated with an amount of helium or hydrogen so as to rise at a known rate. The light weight versus size of the balloons allows them to be transported by, and accurately reflect the speed and direction of the winds present at the altitudes that they climb through…” For more information see Radiosonde Networks & Databases
For more information see
of temperature anomalies that extend from 1958 to present and are updated on a monthly basis. Derived from radiosonde observations taken at 85 of the 87 globally distributed stations used by LKS, the…” Balloon Flight Forecasting Tools, Calculators, etc.
For more information see
Theodolite Readings in 3 columns; TIME, AZIMUTH & ELEVATION…” For more information see |
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REAL-TIME BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Wind Speed (WSPD); Wind Gust (GST); Wave Height (WVHT); Dominant Wave Period (DPD); Average Period Average Period (APD); Atmospheric Pressure (PRES); Pressure Tendency (PTDY); Air Temperature (ATMP); Water Temperature (WTMP); Wind Chill (CHILL)…” For more information see the CARBON CYCLE COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. FOR RELATED COURSES SEE THE
Non-CO2 GHG: CH4 and N2O; Halocarbons and ozone; etc…” For more information see CARBON CYCLE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Initial value of the terrestrial biosphere; Initial value of the deep ocean; Value of the deforestation flow; Step Time; Initial value of the surface ocean; Initial value of the soil carbon and detritus; etc…” For more information see
CARBON EMISSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Diameter of the Stack; Emission Rate; Exit Velocity of the Gas; Temperature of the Exiting Gas; Ambient Temperature of the Air; Atmospheric Conditions; etc…” For more information see GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
of your personal or family’s greenhouse gas emissions and explore the impact of taking various actions to reduce…” Greenhouse Gas Calculator INPUT Values include:
How do you heat your house; How many miles do you put on your cars; Average gas mileage for your cars; Average monthly gas bill; Average monthly electric bill; etc…” For more information see the |
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS & DYNAMICS COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ETC.
Air Sea Flux Datasets; Real-Time Wind Profiler Data; Wind Profiler Database; etc…” For more information see the CLOUD ATLASES, COURSES, LESSONS, PUBLICATIONS, ETC. Cloud Atlases
Cumulus; Stratocumulus; Cumulonimbus; Tornadoes; Nimbostratus; Altocumulus; Cirrus; Wave Clouds; Hurricanes; etc…” For more information see the Cloud Courses, Lessons, etc.
Phase transition and ice nucleation behaviour of organic-containing aerosols; Cloud Particle Optics; Single Droplet Levitation…” For more information see
Cloudgen: A Stochastic Cloud Generator Cloudgen
stochastic clouds (specifically cirrus) with realistic horizontal and vertical structure…”
radiative transfer also modelled…” For more information see Stereophotogrammetry of Oceanic Clouds
over the open ocean. By eliminating the requirement of landmarks in the field of view, this approach widens the potential uses of ster- eophotogrammetry to the study of tropical oceanic convection…” For more information see
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientists David Romps and Rusen Oktem are collecting three-dimensional data on cloud behavior that have never been possible to collect before…” “…The photos allow Romps, a climate scientist who specializes in clouds, to measure how fast the clouds rise, which in turn can shed light on a wide range of areas, ranging from lightning rates to extreme precipitation to the ozone hole. Perhaps most importantly, a better understanding of basic cloud behavior will allow scientists to improve global climate models…” For more information see the Cloud Publications
CLOUD INSTRUMENTS, ICE IN CLOUDS EXPERIMENTS, ETC.
CLOUD SATELLITE MISSIONS
CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
CUMULUS CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
to convection, simply adjust the temperature and dew point sliders…” For more information see DROUGHT
EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA DATABASES, CALCULATORS & ANIMATIONS
understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña…” For more information see
Realtime Data, Products and Analyses; List of Impacts and Prediction Benefits; 3D Animation of El Niďż˝o Temperatures; etc…” For more information see FLUID DYNAMICS RELATED CENTERS FOR MORE FLUID DYNAMICS COURSES, DATABASES, VIDEOS, ETC. SEE THE GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS MODELLING, RESEARCH, DATABASES, ETC.
Climate Diagnostics; Climate Change, Variability and Prediction; Oceans and Climate; Weather and Atmospheric Dynamics; etc..” FLUID DYNAMICS COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. Fluid Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean Courses, Lectures, etc.
The Stress Tensor for a Fluid and the Navier Stokes Equations; Frictional boundary layers; Fundamental Theorems: Vorticity and Circulation; Geostrophy, Quasi-Geostrophy; Internal Waves and Instabilities; etc…” For more information see
GLOBAL WEATHER RELATED CENTERS FOR MORE REAL-TIME GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES AT THE GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES
PALEOCLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
REALTIME TAO BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
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HURRICANE & CYCLONES DATABASES, PROGRAMS, PUBLICATIONS, ETC.
(formerly called Preliminary Reports) contain comprehensive information on each storm, including synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track…” For more information see the HURRICANE AIRCRAFT & UNMANNED AIRCRAFT MISSIONS, OPERATIONS, ETC.
HURRICANE MODELLING VISUALIZATION
HURRICANE MODELLING CALCULATORS & APPLETS HURRICANE MODELLING APPLET – S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin VERY EXTENSIVE. Hurricane Modelling
surface and the average tropospheric temperature are related to the change in pressure. The model also assumes…” For more information see HURRICANE SCALE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
one matches the image versus a number of possible pattern types: Curved band Pattern, Shear Pattern, Eye Pattern, Central Dense Overcast (CDO) Pattern, Embedded Center Pattern or Central Cold Cover Pattern. If infrared satellite imagery is available for Eye Patterns (generally the pattern seen for hurricanes, severe tropical cyclones and typhoons), then the scheme utilizes…” For more information see
This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall…” For more information see the HYDRAULIC JUMPS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Channel Width; Upstream Depth…” Flow Properties of Horizontal Rectangular Channel Hydraulic Jumps Calculator OUTPUT Values include:
Upstream Velocity; Downstream Velocity; Velocity Ratio; Upstream Froude Number; Downstream Froude Number; Froude Number Ratio…” For more information see LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
condensation level (LCL) for a parcel of air lifted from the surface, you may substitute values appropriately to calculate the LCL conditions for an air parcel at any other pressure level…” Lifting Condenstation Level Calculator INPUT Values include:
Surface Dew Point; Surface Pressure…” For more information see
LIGHTNING METEOROLOGY COURSES, LESSONS, ETC.
in typical warm season thunderstorms, both isolated storms and mesoscale convective systems…” Examples of “Lightning Meteorology I” Course Lectures include
Shallow Cumulus; Towering Cumulus; Mature Cumulonimbus; Electrification; Charge Induction; Induction; Sounding DEN; etc…” For more information see
in atypical thunderstorms. Atypical storms include winter storms and many severe storms…” Examples of “Lightning Meteorology II” Course Lectures include
Lightning Parameters; FR Factors; Introduction to Cold Season Lightning; Lightning Climatology; etc…” For more information see
Space Research and Observation Instruments
Optical Transient Detector – Optical Transient Detector (OTD); Lightning Mapper Sensor. Field Campaigns and Ground Validation Instruments
Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR); KSC Electric Field Mill Network. Dataset Information; etc…” For more information see the ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY – CARNEGIE CURVE
Sodankylä (Finland) and Halley (Antarctica), we find that when meteorological diurnal variations are weak, an appreciable diurnal cycle, on average, persists in the cloud base heights, detected using a laser ceilometer…” “…The diurnal cloud base heights from both sites correlate more closely with the Carnegie curve of global atmospheric electricity than with local meteorological measurements…” For more information see VOLCANIC LIGHTNING TECHNICAL REPORTS, ETC.
coincident with the onset of the the explosion. The activity persists for about 40 minutes; during this time the lightning migrates about 40 km NNE of Redoubt…” For more information see LIGHTNING DETECTION NETWORKS Pacific Lightning Detection Network (PacNet) – Long-Range Lightning Detection Network (LLDN)
Calibration; Detection Efficiency (DE) and Location Accuracy (LA); The Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation; etc…” For more information see U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN)
Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN)
GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTION DATABASES
MARINE WEATHER DATABASES, LESSONS, ETC.
Marine Ovservations & Model Pressures; Sea Surface Temperature…” For more information see
Wave Heights; Forecasts; etc…” For more information see the
EFS (Gale Probability, Percipitation Probability, etc.); EFS Plumes;…” Oceanography Databases
NCODA (Sea Surface Temperature, SST Anomaly, SST Climatology); etc…” Tropical Apps Databases
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Tropospheric Ozone Data, Volcano Sulfur Dioxide Data OZONE DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
VOLCANO SULFUR DIOXIDE DATA, ETC.
aerosol, ozone, and reflectivity data from their respective product pages using the drop-down menus on these pages. Also, the “Ozone Over Your House” page can now be used with current OMI ozone data…” For more information see the OZONE ISOPLETH PLOTTING PROGRAM & OZONE MODELING
Boundary Conditions
Meteorological Conditions; Emissions Inventories; Calculation Options; etc. For more information see POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
individual parcel is continuously changing as the air moves from one pressure level to another, meteorologists often refer to the potential temperature of a parcel of air…” Potential Temperature Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Average Virtual Temperature of Layer…” For more information see PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Just inland, near the coast, the elevation may be less than a meter above sea level, while the surface of mountainous regions may be thousands of meters above sea level. In this equation, the sea level pressure is the theoretical pressure the air would have if…” Pressure Converter Calculator INPUT Values include:
Elevation (mASL) of the Modeling Site Temperature Measurement; etc…” For more information see |
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SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
SUN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOON PHASE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUNAR ECLIPSE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL DATA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
other observable characteristics of celestial bodies, as well as the circumstances of astronomical phenomena. This information is of critical importance to navigation, military operations planning, scientific research, surveying, accident reconstruction, architecture, and everyday activities…” For more information see
the total time that any portion of the Sun is above the horizon…” Duration of Darkness Table
the total time that the entire Sun is below the horizon…”
transits of the Sun and Moon, and the beginning and end of civil twilight, along with…”
of each eclipse “event” that is visible from the location…”
Cosine refraction corrected solar zenith angle; Solar elevation (no atmospheric correction); Extraterrestrial Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance; Sunrise time, minutes from midnight; Shadow-band correction factor; Hour angle; Solar zenith angle, no atmospheric correction; Ecliptic longitude; Equation of time; Mean anomaly; Right ascension; True solar time, minutes from midnight; Time of ecliptic calculations; Mean anomaly; Right ascension; True solar time minus local standard time; etc…” For more information see SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Solar Noon; Apparent Sunset…” For more information see
TIDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
THUNDERSTORM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Showalter Index Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see SERVERITY OF THUNDERSTORM EVENT CALCULATORS & APPLETS
Maximum Wind Speed in Sounding; Energy-Helicity Index; Storm Speed; Storm-relative Helicity…” For more information see TORNADO COURSES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, DATABASES, ETC. TORNADO EXPERIMENTS, DATABASES, LESSONS, ETC.
ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC.
Damage Surveys with the Enhanced Fujita Scale; etc…” For more information see the
Also includes the Online “EF-Scale Training Course”. Fujita Scale
the damage to the fastest 1/4-mile wind at the height of a damaged structure. Fujita’s scale was designed to connect smoothly the Beaufort Scale (B) with the speed of sound atmospheric scale, or Mach speed (M)…” For more information see the
Enhanced F-scale
on damage. Its uses three-second gusts estimated at the point of damage based on a judgment of 8 levels of damage to the 28 indicators listed below. These estimates vary with height and exposure…” For more information see
FOR TSUNAMIS COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. SEE THE TSUNAMIS DATABASES
Tsunami Zone; etc., for the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii & Caribbean Sea..” For more information see the
capability for the early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean…” For more information see WIND CHILL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
For more information see
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