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MARTINDALE’S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER ARCHAEOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, PALEOICHNOLOGY – PALAEOICHNOLOGY – NEOICHNOLOGY, PALEOBIOLOGY – PALAEOBIOLOGY, PALEOBOTANY – PALAEOBOTANY, PALEOCLIMATOLOGY – PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALEOCEANOGRAPHY – PALAEOCEANOGRAPHY, PALEONTOLOGY – PALAEONTOLOGY – DINOSAURS, GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, DATE CONVERTERS (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, |
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Anthropology Journals
Archaeology Journals
Anthropology Dictionaries & Glossaries
Archaeology Dictionaries & Glossaries
Archaeology & Anthropology an Introduction
to the emergence of the world we know today…” Australia’s First 4 Billion Years TV Series includes
Australia: Life Explodes; Australia: Monsters; Australia: Strange Creatures…” For more information see Anthropology
Archaeology
Discovery and Investigation; Excavation; Archaeological Science; etc…” For more information see
which introduces some of the key concepts of fieldwork to those who may never have been involved in fieldwork before…” Examples of Virtual Walkabout Lessons include
Fieldwork; After your Fildwork; etc…” Virtual Walkabout Archives contains
to express the experience of walking round an archaeological site or monument…” For more information see
Aerial Archaeology
Camera equipment; etc…” Clues on the Ground
Ground moisture anomalies: The phenomenon of capillary action; Soil color anomalies; etc…” Discoveries; For more information see Remote Sensing via Satellites – Archaeology
detecting, acquire inventory and prioritizing surface and shallow-depth archeological information in a rapid, accurate, and quantified manner…” Examples of “Remote Sensing – Archaeology” include
3D Flythrough Video of Mt. Ararat Anomaly; etc….” For more information see Archaeometry Journals
Archaeometry Courses
Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy; etc…” Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology
Principles of Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE); Raman and other Spectroscopies; Isotope Analysis and Neutron Activation Techniques; Neutron Activation Analysis of Archaeological Artifacts; Isotope Separation & Analysis; Food and Diet Analysis; etc…” Isotope Analysis and Dating Methods
Migration and Colonization; Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS); Dating for Anthropology; Uranium Thorium Dating; Thermoluminescence; etc…” Bioanalytic Techniques
Tracing populations with Haplogroups…” For more information see Archaeometry Analytical Techniques – INAA, XRF, EDXRF, ICP-MS, etc.
Archaeometry Analytical Techniques – Radiology
Archaeometry Databases
quarry are bombarded in a nuclear reactor to produce radioactive isotopes of elements present in the stone…” “…Stones from different sources have distinctive compositional patterns – “fingerprints” – with which data for a sculpture under study may be compared…” For more information see the
information technology including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the archaeology of the Holy Land (modern Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Southern Lebanon, Syria and the Sinai Peninsula)…” For more information see the
Plague Ships – Spreading Death in the Dark Ages Video Lecture; Ships of Korea: from Koryo Kingdom (918-1392) Video Lecture; Ancient Ships: Reconstructing a Greek Penteconter Video Lecture; The Double Halyard in Ancient Mediterranean Rigging Video Lecture; etc…” For more information see the |
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FOR HIEROGLYTPHICS LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES SEE
of more than 2000 images, interact with models of each tomb, and measure, pan, and zoom over 250 detailed maps, elevations, and sections. Experience sixty-five narrated tours by Dr. Weeks and explore a 3D recreation of tomb KV 14….” Atlas of the Theban Necropolis
giant aerial photograph. Zoom in to see individual architectural details of temples and palaces as well as the topography of the area. Mouse over sites to get additional information about them…” Bibliography of Theban West Bank Archaeological Sites
Valley of the Kings, Valley of the Queens, outlying wadis and the Tombs of the Nobles, plus all the memorial temples, shrines, villages, graffiti, predynastic remains, and Christian sites…”
includes computer-generated reconstructions of what the pyramids and temples might have looked like when they were first built. There are also many interactive ground plan maps, photos, paintings and drawings…” For more information see
period (3800-3100 B.C.), Hierakonpolis the City of the Hawk is the most important site for understanding the foundations of Egyptian civilization…” For more information see
‘Tombs of the Nobles’ on the West Bank at Luxor in Egypt….” For more information see
Metis: Catalog Examples of Metis: Catalog Categories include
Central Court at Phaistos; Nestor’s Cave; Parthenon; Temple of Aphaia on Aegina; Temple of Hera at Olympia; Theater at Argos; Theater of Dionysos; etc…”
For more information see the
Research Areads
Geoarchaeology; Geophysics; Histroical Geography; Pottery; Stone Artefacts; etc…” For more information see the
“…The aim of this web site is to provide a well illustrated introduction to all the major and many of the minor archaeological sites of Minoan Crete,…” Examples of “Minoan Crete” Subject Categories include
Minoan Settlements and Towns; Minoan Mansions & Villas; Minoan Religious Structures; etc…” For more information see IRON AGE (CELTIC) COIN GUIDE INCLUDING THE OXFORD CELTIC COIN INDEX – Portable Antiquities Scheme, British Museum & the School of Archaeology, Oxford University Multimedia “Iron Age (Celtic) Coin Guide including the Oxford Celtic Coin Index” Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY…EXTENSIVE. Oxford Celtic Coin Index
and we have 37751 examples with images attached…” For more information see
“…contains information on 13,729 coin types, based on 46,725 specimens…” For more information see
in Northern Gaul (Gallia Belgica) in the Augustan period (later 1st century BC) continuing until around c AD 70-80…” “…One of the principal aims of the project has been to compile a corpus of Gallo-Belgic pottery (terra nigra and terra rubra) found in Britain. An essential part of this work has been to create a digital record of all known potter name stamps and marks. The data presented in this web site represents the first stage of dissemination…” For more information see
and large numbers of unassociated objects from Bifrons, Sarre and the seven sites excavated by Faussett, resulting in an extensive archive comprising object descriptions, drawings, photographs and X-rays…” For more information see
Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc.
Belize, and Honduras. Ancient Middle America broadly explores the nature, origin, and development of the great prehistoric cultures of these countries…” For more information see Databases
presents over 1,200 hieroglyphs and glyph compounds. Each entry includes the hieroglyph, phonetic transcription, Mayan equivalent, part of speech, and meaning. Entries are given in alphabetical order of their phonetic spelling. Multiple indices are…” For more information see
arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry will eventually include a picture of the hieroglyph as well as its transcription and a translation in English and Spanish. The Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary also provides analyses of the word or compound and cross-references to similar words and compounds…” For more information see
images, phonetic values (“pvalues”), and semantic values (“svalues”) according to the consensus among various American Mayanists (MacLeod and Reents-Budet 1994). Also present is the beginning of an archive of digitally transcribed Mayan texts…” For more information see Paleopathology FOR PALEOPATHOLOGY RELATED CENTERS SEE THE
Bone Chemistry FOR BONE CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS SEE THE CHEMISTRY CENTER
Analytical Methods
Elemental Analyses; etc. Applications; etc…” For more information see the |
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Glossary of Terms; etc…” Trace Fossil Images
Over “10” Marine Ichnotaxa Images; etc…” Videos & Animations
Tracemaking Experiments Videos;
Beetle Crub Burrowing Video; etc. Animations
Ghost Crab Burrow Animation; Wolf Spider Burros Animation; etc…” For more information see the
For more information see
Paleobotany Indexes – Palaeobotany Indexes
For more information see
Paleobotany Courses, Lectures, etc.
Biostratinomic Processes in Volcaniclastic, Fluvial-Lacustrine, and Coastal Deltaic Terrains; Systematics and Evolutionary Processes in the Plant Kingdom; Evolutionary Trends in Non-Vascular Plants: Priming for Land Conquest; The Appearance of Forests and Adaptive Characters for Stressed Environments; The Cenophytic and the Evolution of Angiospermy: Hypotheses and Conjecture; Fossil Plant Remains as Paleoclimatic Indicators; etc…” For more information see
java applet which will display detailed maps of ice core data locations, and allow users to display, graph…” For more information see
Sea Surface Temperature Reconstructions (CLIMAP) Database; Relative Sea Level Database; Calcium Carbonate Database; Planktonic Foraminifera Database; etc…” For more information see the
Oxygen isotope paleothermometry; Sea-level and climate change: coral reefs on stable and emerging islands; Glacial/interglacial ‘oscillations’: why? time-series analysis; Deep-ocean paleoceanography and ocean chemistry: links to atmospheric carbon dioxide and 14C/12C; Atmospheric CO2, ocean chemistry, and mechanisms of climate change; Coral evidence for temperature, salinity, and nutrient changes; Introduction to cenozoic palenoceanography; etc…” For more information see
Taphonomy II: Modes of Fossilization; Biostratigraphy I: Index Fossils and Correlation Trace Fossils; Variation and Fossil Individuals; Fossil Species; Phylogenetics; Functional Morphology; Basal Bilateralians and Lophophorates; Mollusks; Anthropods; Vertebrate Paleontology; etc…” For more information see
Fossil invertebrates and plants Collections; Micropalaeontology Collections; etc…” For more information see the Fossils Databases
and serves unique 2D and 3D visualizations of the internal and external structure of living and extinct vertebrates, and a growing number of ‘invertebrates’. The Digital Morphology library contains nearly a terabyte of imagery of natural history specimens that are important to education and central to ongoing cutting-edge research efforts…” Examples of “Digital Morphology” Subject Categories include
Mammals and Their Extinct Relatives; Birds; Alligators and Crocodiles; Sharks, Fishes and Other “Fish-like” Creatures; etc…”
Fossils Lessons
Fossils (Fossil Image Galleries); etc…”
Coprolites; Burgess Shale; Solnhofen Quarry; etc…” For more information see the Fossils – Amber
Fossils – Horses
Invertebrate Zoology Dictionary
Invertebrate Paleontology Databases
Vertebrate Paleontology Databases
Dinosaur Databases with Technical Reports, Lessons, etc.
For more information see Dinosaur Tracks, Trackway, Trace Fossils, etc. Lessons & Image Databases
Footprint Morphology; Footrint Preservation; Track Taphonomy; Describing Tracks and Ichnotaxonomy; Trackways; Posture and Stance; Behaviour; Gait and Speed; etc…” For more information see the
Dinosaur Courses, Lectures, etc.
“…Taxonomy and Species; Life on Land before the Dinosaurs; The Rise of the Dinosaurs; Theropoda I: Dinosaurs Red in Tooth and Claw; etc…” For more information see
The Process of Evolution; Inferring the Relationships of Organisms – Cladistics; Earth’s Cycles; The end of the Permian and the Major Groups of Tetrapods; The Triassic World and the Origin of Dinosaurs; Great Triassic Assemblages; etc…” For more information see |
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Basque, Catalan, French & Japanese. “Other International Commission on Stratigraphy Charts include
Ordovician Chronostratigraphic Chart; Ordovician Carbon Isotope Curve; Permian Time Scale 2012…” For more information see the
estimate quantitative and qualitative dating of rocks and sediments. Techniques exist to date all geological materials, from billions of years to historical records. U-series dating is the most reliable method for dating Quaternary (the last 2 million years) sedimentary carbonate, silica, and fossil material. Quaternary dating provides a record of climate change and…” Examples of “Geochronology” Dating Techniques include
Rb-Sr System Dating Technique; Sm-Nd System Dating Technique; Lu-Hf System Dating Technique; Argon 40/39 Dating Technique; Tephrochronology Dating Technique; Pb 210 Dating Technique; Fission Tracks Dating Technique; Carbon 14 Dating Technique; Thermoluminescence Dating Technique; 3He/4He Dating Technique; He/Ne Dating Technique; Berlyllium 10 Dating Technique; etc…” For more information see
the age of archaeological materials and sites. There are two general categories of methods for dating in archaeology. One is Relative Dating, and the other is Absolute Dating. In general, archaeologists use both methods in conjunction…” Examples of “Chronological Methods” Course Video Lessons include
Dendrochronology; Radiocarbon Dating; Potassium Argon Dating; Obsidian Hydration Dating; etc…” For more information see
Amino Acid Racemization Dating; Paleomagnetic Dating
Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale Dating; Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale Dating; Archaeomagnetic Dating. Radiocarbon Dating; For more information see |
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fossil protein preserved in carbonate materials with time (geologic age of the sample) and temperature (long term chemical temperature of the enclosing sediment). Stratigraphic applications of the method have been demonstrated from both marine and non-marine sequences all over the world using a variety of carbonate fossil materials including…” For more information see the
Paleomagnetism Courses, Lectures, etc.
Fisher Statistics; Paleomagnetic Tensors; The Ancient Geomagnetic Field; The GPTS and Magnetostratigraphy; etc…” Examples of “Essentials of Paleomagnetism” Appendices include
Plots useful in Paleomagnetism; Paleomagnetic Statistics and Parameter Rstimation; Anisotropy in Paleomagnetism; etc…” For more information see Archaeomagnetic Dating Lessons
archaeological problems. Usually, the term refers to archaeomagnetic dating…” Examples of “Archaeomagnetic Dating” Lessons include
Geomagnetic Principles; Archaeomagnetic Sample Collecting; Secular Variation Curves; etc…”
part-per-trillion (PPT) level, and 39Ar at and below the part-per-quadrillion (PPQ) level….” “…These three long-lived noble-gas isotopes possess ideal geophysical and geochemical properties for radioisotope dating and are particularly significant for applications in the earth sciences…” For more information see the
Dendrochronology Course & Lectures
Basic Sampling Design; etc…” Analyzing Tree-Ring Data
Using and Interpreting the COFECHA Program; Standardization Techniques; etc…” Applications in Dendrochronology
Dendrogeomorphology; Isotope Studies and Tree Rings; etc…” For more information see
Dendrochronology Calculators & Applets
For more information see Dendrochronology Databases
chronologies (growth indices for a site). Tree-ring measurement series from other parameters are welcome as well…” For more information see
have compiled a partial geologic time scale of the sequence and duration of reversals of the Earth’s magnetic polarity…” For more information see the Ice Core Lectures, Lessons, etc.
can reveal past variations in climate ranging from seasons to hundreds of thousands of years. Ice core records can be used to reconstruct temperature, atmospheric circulation strength, precipitation, ocean volume, atmospheric dust, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, marine biological productivity, sea ice and desert extent, and forest fires…” For more information see Ice Core Databases
polar and low latitude mountain glaciers and ice caps are archived. Proxy climate indicators include oxygen isotopes, methane concentrations, dust content, and other parameters…” For more information see
the relative ages of items or, in some circumstances, can be converted into an estimated absolute age. In order to transform the hydration rim value to a calendar age, the rate of the diffusion of water into the glass must be determined or estimated…” For more information see the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories
provides us with a way to measure exposure ages for rock surfaces such as fault scarps, lava flows and glacial pavements. Where surfaces are gradually evolving, cosmogenic isotope measurements allow us to calculate erosion or soil accumulation rates…” For more information see
Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Surface Erosion Rate Calculator:
Geometric Shielding Calculator:
For more information see the
and correlation. Tephrochronology is employed globally with numerous interdisciplinary applications including: environmental and climate change, archaeology, Earth surface processes, ecology, animal and plant evolution, earthquake hazards & neotectonics, volcanic hazards…” “…The electron microprobe is the primary analytical tool for tephrochronology. It is most commonly used to analyze the glass fraction of tephra for major and minor element abundances and thereby provide a chemical fingerprint which allows ash from different eruptions to be uniquely identified…” For more information see |
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Anthropometric Calculator: Male & Female Versions; Greek Racial Calculator; etc…” ARABIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
HIJRI CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Hijri Calender Calculator
For more information see AZTEC CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
the Mexica or Aztecs), the name of the 13-day ‘week’ (trecena in Spanish) and the name and number of the day (tonalli) in the tonalpohualli, 260-day ritual daycount. Further, the Lord of the Night, the day in the 365-day calendar (the xiuhpohualli) and the (Mayan) Long Count are shown…” CHINESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Chinese Date
Year Cycle; Zodiac Sign; Month Cycle; Lunar Calendar Festival; For more information see
EGYPTIAN LESSONS, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & DATABASES
includes computer-generated reconstructions of what the pyramids and temples might have looked like when they were first built. There are also many interactive ground plan maps, photos, paintings and drawings…” For more information see
Saqqara, Egypt. Djoser’s Step Pyramid is generally considered the first tomb in Egypt to be built entirely of stone…” For more information see
‘Tombs of the Nobles’ on the West Bank at Luxor in Egypt….” For more information see |
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INDIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS The National Calendar of India
The first month, Caitra, is 30 days in normal and 31 days in leap years. This is followed by five consecutive 31 day months, then six 30 day months…” Years in the Indian Calendar
start of the Saka Era, the equinox of March 22nd of year 79 in the Gregorian calendar, designated day 1 of month Caitra of year 1 in the Saka Era…” For more information see JAPANESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
For more information see JEWISH CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
For more information see
or Hebrew form; any date in the Common Era will work (i.e, after Gregorian Year 2 or Hebrew Year 3760)…” The Hebrew Calendar will also
For more information see
equivalent date on the Hebrew calendar, and vice versa. It can also display Yahrzeit dates for consecutive years…” For more information see
year (Gregorian calendar) or a Jewish year (Hebrew calendar)…” For more information see
Plag HaMincha, Tzait hakochavim, etc…” For more information see LUFKAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
the lunta. These lunta are arranged in sequences of five each, known as zarsa. There are different names for the zarsa corresponding to the number of days in each of the five lunta…” For more information see MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE
presents over 1,200 hieroglyphs and glyph compounds. Each entry includes the hieroglyph, phonetic transcription, Mayan equivalent, part of speech, and meaning. Entries are given in alphabetical order of their phonetic spelling. Multiple indices are…” For more information see
arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry will eventually include a picture of the hieroglyph as well as its transcription and a translation in English and Spanish. The Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary also provides analyses of the word or compound and cross-references to similar words and compounds…” For more information see
images, phonetic values (“pvalues”), and semantic values (“svalues”) according to the consensus among various American Mayanists (MacLeod and Reents-Budet 1994). Also present is the beginning of an archive of digitally transcribed Mayan texts…” MAYAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
calendar that developed in Mesoamerica used a count of 260 days. This calendar gave each day a name, much like our days of the week. There were 20 day names, each represented by a unique symbol…” Mayan Data Calculator
For more information see MESOAMERICAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
MEXICA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ZAPOTEC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
number of the year (xiuhpohualli in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs), the name of the 13-day week and the name and…” For more information see PERSIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
and Gregorian calendars into each other. The first is official in Iran (and surrounding areas like Afghanistan, Central Asian Republics and Kurdish Mesopotamia) and the second in the west. The Jalaali calendar is named after Jalaal-ol-Din Malek-shaah-e Saljuqi by the great Iranian poet/mathematician Omar Khayyam who re-worked it in late fifth century hejri…” For more information see VIETNAMESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
calendar with the corresponding dates of the lunar calendar used in Vietnam…” In History
calendars were used in different regions. The historical calendar takes that fact into account and prints an additional lunar day in the upper right corner whenever the calendars used in the different regions do not agree….” For more information see |
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