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MARTINDALE’S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER ENGINEERING CENTER AERONAUTICS ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE ENGINEERING & FLIGHT SCHOOL CENTER (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, |
Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics Calculators, Applets, Animations & Simulations
AERODYNAMICS RELATED CENTERS FOR FLUID DYNAMICS & MECHANICS CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE
Beginner’s Guide to Propulsion; Beginner’s Guide to High Speed Aerodynamics; Beginner’s Guide to Model Rockets; etc…” For more information see the
Fluid Statics; Control Volume Analysis, Integral Methods; Potential Flow; Dimensional Analysis; Introduction to Boundary Layers, etc…” Aerodynamics
Flow Visualisation; Joukowski Flow Mapping & Aerofoils; 2-D Panel Method Solutions; Lifting Line Theory (3-D Wings); etc…” Gasdynamics
Supersonic Flow Measurement; Simulation of Rarefied Gas Flow…” Aircraft Performance
Aircraft Performance (Exact analytical optimisation approach); Mission Performance based Optimisation…” Aeroelasticity; etc. For more information see
Fluid Dynamics Fundamentals; Methods of Solution; Two-Dimensional Potential Flow; Airfoils: Part I & II; Compressibility in 2-D; Viscosity and 2-D Boundary Layers; Three-Dimensional Potential Flow; 3-D Compressibility and Supersonics; Viscosity in 3-D; Wing Design; Configuration Aerodynamics and Tables and Appendices…” Examples of Aerodynamics Calculators include:
NACA Airfoil Geometry Calculator;
Airfoil Geometry and Pressures Calculator
Wing analysis Program Calculator – Wing Analysis Calculator; For more information see
Airfoil Vortex Sheet Models, Thin Airfoil Analysis Problem; Thin Airfoil Theory Application; Introduction to 3D Wings, 2D and 3D Coefficients; 3D Vortex Filaments, Lifting Line Theory; Elliptical Lift Distribution; Wing Geometry, Wing Design Problem; Aircraft Performance Analysis; Intorduction to Compressible Flows, Thermodynamic Concepts; Stagnation Quantities, Introduction to Shock Waves; Shock Losses, Compressible Flow Pitot-Tube; Prandtl-Meyer Waves, Shock Expansion Theory; Compressible Channel Flow…” For more information see
Normal Shock Relations Calculator; Oblique Shock Relations Calculator For more information see |
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GAS DYNAMICS LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC.
Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride…” Mach Number; Pa; Initital Pressure; Driven Section; K;
Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride…” K; Initial Temperature; Driver Section. Gas Dynamics Calculator OUTPUT values include:
MW; Specific Heat Ratio; Initial Wave Speed; Reflected Wave Speed; etc…” Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator INPUT Values include:
Time Between Pressure Transducers; Distance Between Trigger Transducer and Window Centerline; etc…” Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator OUTPUT values include:
Estimated Delay Time for Membrane; etc…” Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator INPUT Values include:
Diaphragm Rupture Pressure; etc…” Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator OUTPUT values include:
For more information see the
shock wave parameters and microscopic and macroscopic parameters…” Gas Dynamics Calculator includes Normal Shock Calculator & Flow Regime Calculator:
Normal Shock Gas Dynamics Calculator output values includes:
For more information see
Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride…” Mach Number; Pa; Initital Pressure; Driven Section; K;
Xenon, Sulfur Hexafluoride…” K; Initial Temperature; Driver Section. Gas Dynamics Calculator OUTPUT values include:
MW; Specific Heat Ratio; Initial Wave Speed; Reflected Wave Speed; etc…” Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator INPUT Values include:
Time Between Pressure Transducers; Distance Between Trigger Transducer and Window Centerline; etc…” Gas Dynamics TIMING ISSUES Calculator OUTPUT values include:
Estimated Delay Time for Membrane; etc…” Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator INPUT Values include:
Diaphragm Rupture Pressure; etc…” Gas Dynamics BOOST TANK Calculator OUTPUT values include:
For more information see the |
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of sound in the gas determines the magnitude of many of the compressibility effects. Because of the importance of this speed ratio, aerodynamicists have designated it with a special parameter called the Mach number…” Mach Calculator & Speed of Sound Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see
in a viscous CFD grid. Estimates are for a turbulent flat plate in free air and are based on the Sutherland formula for viscosity…” Viscous Grid Spacing Calculators include
required to yield 1 grid point in the laminar sublayer…” Mach Number, Dynamic Pressure, and Desired y+ Value Calculator
required to yield 1 grid point in the laminar sublayer…” For more information see |
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AERONAUTICS COURSES, LECTURES, LESSONS, SIMULATIONS, CALCULATORS, ETC. FOR BEGINNER’S
Beginner’s Guide to Propulsion; Beginner’s Guide to High Speed Aerodynamics; Beginner’s Guide to Model Rockets; etc…” For more information see the AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS ENGINEERING COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
ASTRONAUTICS CALCULATORS, AERONAUTICS APPLETS, AERONAUTICS SPREADSHEETS (XLS), ETC. AERONAUTICS VIDEOS, AERONAUTICS ANIMATIONS, AERONAUTICS SIMULATIONS, ETC.
S-Plane, Poles and Zeroes; Transient Response and Stability; State Space Modeling; Solutions of State Space Differential Equations; etc…”
Relative Motion Rotating/Translating Axes; Accelerometers; etc…”
Compressible Viscous Equations; Equations of Aircraft Motion; Aerodynamic Center; Kutta Condition; Kutta Condition Solution; Force Calculations for Lifting Line; Trefftz Plane Analysis of Induced Drag; Solutions of the Laminar Boundary Layer Equations; Ground Effect Using Single Vortex Model; Subsonic Small Disturbance Potential Flow; Derivation of Sound Wave Properties; etc…”
Friction in Lagrange’s Equations; Gyroscopes; Aircraft Dynamics; etc…” Some examples from over “20” Aeronautics and Astronautics “GRADUATE” Courses include:
Solution Techniques; Interacting Boundary Layer Theory; Stability and Transition; etc…”
Probability Distribution and Density Functions; Expectation, Averages and Characteristic Function; Normal or Gaussian Random Variables; um of Independent Random Variables and Tendency Toward Normal Distribution; etc…” AEROELASTICITY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
Limit Cycle Oscillations; Kinetic Energy; etc…” Lecture 3
Unsteady Equations of Motion; Integro-differential Equations; Transform to ODEs, Natural Frequencies and Damping Ratios; etc…” Lecture 6
Thin Airfoil Theory; Aerodynamic Derivatives; etc…” For more information see
Animations of Experimental Data from the Texas A&M; Nonlinear Aeroelastic Testing Aparatus; Limit Cycle Oscillation Simulations Using The Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method Videos; etc…” For more information see |
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AIRCRAFT FLIGHT DYNAMICS COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
stability, and control of aircraft ranging from micro-uninhabited air vehicles through general aviation, jet transport, and fighter aircraft to Mars planes and re-entry vehicles. Particular attention is given to mathematical models and techniques for analysis, simulation, and evaluation of flying qualities…” Examples of “Aircraft Flight Dynamics” Lectures include
Aircraft Motions; Linear Dynamic Models; Transforms and Transfer Functions; Fourth-Order Longitudinal Equations of Motion; etc… Examples of “Aircraft Flight Dynamics” Case Studies Lectures include
Design for Control; Power Effects on Stability and Control; Human-Powered and Ultralight Aircraft; Aircraft Maneuverability and Agility; Naval Aviation; etc… For more information see
AIRCRAFT STABILITY & CONTROL COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
Lecture 4 & 5: Aircraft Dynamics; Lecture 8: Spiral, Roll, and Dutch Roll Modes; Lecture 12: Aircraft Lateral Autopilots; Lecture 14: Equations of Motion in a Nonuniform Atmosphere…” For more information see |
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AIRCRAFT DESIGN COURSES, AIRCRAFT DESIGN LECTURES, AIRCRAFT DESIGN TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
AIRCRAFT DESIGN SOFTWARE, AIRCRAFT DESIGN CALCULATORS, AIRCRAFT DESIGN APPLETS, ETC. AIRCRAFT DESIGN COSTS CALCULATORS
understanding of each of the participating disciplines is provided, but emphasis is placed on the interactions between different disciplines resulting from changes in any portion of the design…” Examples of “Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis” Course Chapters & Subchapters include
Fuselage Layout
Drag
Induced Drag; Compressibility Drag; etc…” Airfoils
Wing Design
Nonplanar Wings and Winglets; etc.);
Stability and Control
Propulsion
Structure & Weights
Structural Design; Weight Estimations; etc…”; etc. For more information see
T.E. Extension; Root Incidence; etc…”
Fluid Dynamics Fundamentals; Methods of Solution; Two-Dimensional Potential Flow; Airfoils: Part I & II; Compressibility in 2-D; Viscosity and 2-D Boundary Layers; Three-Dimensional Potential Flow; 3-D Compressibility and Supersonics; Viscosity in 3-D; Wing Design; Configuration Aerodynamics and Tables and Appendices…” Examples of Aerodynamics Calculators include:
NACA Airfoil Geometry Calculator;
Airfoil Geometry and Pressures Calculator
Wing analysis Program Calculator – Wing Analysis Calculator; For more information see AIRCRAFT DESIGN SOFTWARE
Singularities; Discretization; Control Deflections; General Freestream Description; Aerodynamic outputs…” Trim Calculation; For more information see AIRCRAFT DESIGN VIDEOS
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AIRFOIL DATABASES, AIRFOIL CALCULATORS, AIRFOIL APPLETS, AIRFOIL SIMULATIONS, ETC.
ARIFOIL ANALYSIS CALCULATORS, ARIFOIL ANALYSIS SIMULATIONS, ETC.
wide range of applications, from low Reynolds number airfoils for UAVs and model aircraft to jet transports…” UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests Database; etc. For more information see the
that if they were to fly they would have to carry out controlled scientific experiments to design the lifting surfaces…”
lift by changing the values of different factors that affect lift…” Airfoil Calculator INPUT Values include:
Flight Test, Shape, Angle; Speed; Altitude; Pressure; Temperature; Density; etc…” For more information see
additional input and output panels. These panels are made available so that you can study the details of the conformal mapping used in the Kutta-Joukowski analysis. In the analysis, flow around a cylinder is mapped into flow around an airfoil…” Airfoil Calculator INPUT Values include:
Flight Test, Shape, Angle; Speed; Altitude; Pressure; Temperature; Density; etc…” For more information see AIRFOIL SOFTWARE
subsonic isolated airfoils. It consists of a collection of menu-driven routines which perform various useful functions such as: Viscous (or inviscid) analysis of an existing airfoil; Airfoil design and redesign by interactive modification of surface speed distributions; Airfoil redesign by interactive modification of geometric parameters; Blending of airfoils; etc…” For more information see AIRPLANE WING TOOLS, CALCULATORS, WING APPLETS, WING SIMULATIONS, WING VIDEOS, ETC.
AIRPLANE WING LIFT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, VIDEOS, ETC. Wing Analysis Calculators & Applets
and Reynolds Numbers in banked flight to one that uses these calculations to interpolate spanwise Cd and drag values from the UIUC airfoils database…” Wing Analysis Calculator includes:
Shear and Bending-monen calculation; Lift Distribution (i.e. Lift-Roll); Lift/Drag Specific to an Airfoil (UIUC database)…” Wing Analysis Calculator INPUT Values include:
Lift-Distribution
Airfoils
For more information see
over a wing with sweep and twist…” For more information see AIRCRAFT FLAPS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
movement of flaps found at the rear or trailing edge of the wings. The efficiency and reliability of operating these flaps is of critical importance…” For more information see |
Composites & Materials
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Composites & Materials Databases & Courses
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Composites & Structures Databases, Courses, Calculators, etc.
FOR MORE MATERIALS ENGINEERING DATABASES, COURSES, ETC. SEE THE
ab-initio calculation…” “…High-throughput computational materials design is an emerging area of materials science. By combining advanced thermodynamic and electronic-structure methods with intelligent data mining and database construction, and exploiting the power of current supercomputer architectures, scientists generate, manage and analyse enormous data repositories for the discovery of novel materials…” AFLOWLIB Databases include
Aconvasp Online Tools; The Aflow Ab-Initio Binary Alloy Library…” For more information see the
3,000 Bandstructures; etc…”
existing structures in the Materials Project or from an uploaded POSCAR or CIF file…”
database to generate 0K compositional and grand potential phase diagrams of two to four components…”
compare with experimental values…”
for NASA and NASA associated contractors and organizations. The MAPTIS-II system contains physical, mechanical and environmental properties for metallic and non-metallic materials…” Materials and Processes Technical Information System includes
Lapshear Database; Thermophysical Properties; Shuttle Propulsion Thermal Protection System Database; Materials Combustion Research Facility Database; Aerospace Materials Database; Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook; Chemical Compatibility Database; etc. For more information see the
Cast Iron; Allotriomorphic ferrite; Stainless Steels; etc…” Materials Modelling Calculations: Map-Online
properties of a variety of alloys, by entering their composition and heat-treatment details. This includes online calculations of yield strength for ferritic and austenitic steels, nickel base superalloys, weld metal, etc. Other properties include creep strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, toughness…” For more information see the
NIST Standard Reference Materials Database includes:
For more information see the Mechanics in Solids Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, Calculators, etc.
practicing engineers and scientists…” Advanced Mechanics in Solids
that are used to predict the response of materials and structures to mechanical or thermal loading…” Examples of “Advanced Mechanics in Solids” Course Chapters include
Governing Equations; Constitutive Equations: Relations between Stress and Strain; Analytical Techniques and Solutions for Linear Elastic Solids; Analytical Techniques and Solutions for Plastic Solids; Introduction to Finite Element Analysis in Solid Mechanics; etc…” For more information see Fractography & Fracture Mechanics Courses, Textbooks, Lectures, Calculators, etc.
materials less an art and more an engineering practice for scientists and engineers. This Guide emphasizes practical approaches for problem solving and failure analyses…” “…This Guide includes a wealth of illustrations to aid fractographers in pattern recognition…” Examples of “Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses” Textbook Chapters & Subchapters include
Stereomicroscope; Compound Optical Microscope; Scanning Electron Microscope; Atomic Force Microscope (AFM); etc…” Chapter 4:
Specimen Reconstruction; Crack Branching Angles; Fragmentation Patterns; Tension strength; Biaxial flexural strength; Component Fracture Patterns; Characteristics of Some Common Fracture Modes; Chapter 5: Fracture Surface Examination For more information see
that deals with the behaviour of cracked bodies subjected to stresses and strains. These can arise from primary applied loads or secondary self-equilibrating stress fields (e.g. residual stresses)….” For more information see
Stress Intensity Factor and Fracture Toughness Testing; Fatigue Life Prediction; Stress Corrosion Cracking; Theory
Fracture Toughness Testing; Crack Tip Plasticity; Leak-Before-Break; Triangle of Integrity; etc…”
Aircraft Towbar Failure; Hail Damage; Insulator Caps; Fractography: Fatigue – Macrofeatures; Fracture – Macrofeatures; Fracture – Microfeatures (Cleavage, MVC); Fracture – Microfeatures (IG); etc…”
Failure of Design Management…”
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Rigorous Bonds for Composites Calculators & Applets
isotropic dielectric media with complex relative permittivities eps_a and eps_b, respectively. Under certain conditions the composite can be homogenized, i.e., replaced by a homogeneous…” Rigorous Bounds for the Effective Permittivity of a Composite
material a and b, respectively. The imaginary parts of the permittivities must be non-negative…Enter the filling factor f_b of medium b…” For more information see |
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Fourier transforms useful for teaching diffraction physics…” Examples of “Interactive Tutorial About Diffraction” Lessons include
Reciprocal Space; Convolution Theorem; Modification of a Structure; The Crystallographic Phase Problem; Solving a Simple Structure; Anomalous Scattering; Powder Diffraction; Diffuse Scattering & Defect Structures; Direct Methods; etc…” For more information see the
of n electrons or Si and Pb atoms parallel to the x-axis…”
a polygon of atoms and the calculation of the corresponding Fourier transform…”
space and allows you to see the path a THETA-scan and a H-scan follows…”
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CONTROL SYSTEMS COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
Introduction to Control; System Modeling; Dynamic Behavior; Stability and Performance; Linear Systems; Transfer Functions; Loop Analysis; Loop Shaping; etc…”
Dynamic Behavior; Linear Systems; Transfer Functions; Frequency Domain Analysis; PID Control; Frequency Domain Design; etc…”
Optimal Control; Receding Horizon Control; Stochastic Systems; Kalman Filtering; Sensor Fusion; etc…”
optimization, probabilistic modeling, and stochastic control to dynamic systems…” Examples of “Optimal Control and Estimation” Course Lectures include
Neighboring-Optimal Control; Linear-Quadratic Regulators; Cost Functions and Controller Structures; Linear-Quadratic Control System Design; Spectral Properties of Linear-Quadratic Systems; Least-Squares Estimation; Propagation of Uncertainty in Dynamic Systems; Linear-Optimal Estimation for Continuous-Time Systems; Nonlinear State Estimation; Stochastic Optimal Control; Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian Controller; etc…” For more information see CONTROL SYSTEMS TOOLS: CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Acceleration (Peak); Units; etc…”
Displacement Cable Length; Position Transducer Range; Change in Temperature…”
Power Supply Voltage; Potentiometer Power Rating; Potentiometer Resistance…” |
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INTRODUCTION TO PROPULSION COURSES, LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC. FOR BEGINNERS
Speed Regimes; Static Gases, Thermodynamics; Thrust; Turbine Engines; Turbine Engine Analysis; Internal Combustion; Internal Combustion Parts; Ramjets & Scramjets; Rocket Engines; Component Analysis; etc…” For more information see
ADVANCED COMBUSTION COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
Microscale Combustion and Power Generation I, II & III; Turbulent Combustion I, II & III; Hypersonic Propulsion I, II & III; etc…” Examples of “Applications of Combustion” Spreadsheets include
Pulsed Detonation Engines; etc…” For more information see ADVANCED PROPULSION COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
2nd-Law chemical thermodynamics, equilibrium; Unsteady-flow engines 1: Principles, design & performance parameters; Unsteady-flow engines 4: Non-ideal cycle analysis; Steady-flow engines 5: Nonideal performance; etc…” Examples of “Energy and Propulsion” Spreadsheets include
Fuel-air Cycle Analysis (using Calculations from GASEQ) Spreadsheet; Throttling Effect Spreadsheet; Turbojet Performance Calculations Spreadsheet; etc…” For more information see
Rankine Cycles; Combined Cycles; Introcution to Propulsion – Integral Momentum Theorem; Propulsion System Performance; Ideal Ramjet; Ideal Turbojet Engine; Energy Exchange in Turbomachinery; Introduction to Compressor & Turbine Aerodynamics; Adiabatic Flame Temperature; Conductive Heat Transfer, Thermal Resistance Circuits; etc…” Examples of “Thermodynamics” Course Lectures include
The First Law Applied to Engineering Cycles; The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Entropy on the Microscopic Scale; Introduction to Propulsion; Aircraft Engine Performance; Energy Exchange with Moving Blades; Aircraft Performance; Thermochemistry; etc…” For more information see JET ENGINE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS, SIMULATIONS & VIDEOS/MOVIES
The panel is invoked from the schematic drawing at the upper left by clicking on the word “Limits”. Using this panel, you can reset the limits on all of the variables in the program. After you type in new values for the limits, you must push the blue Submit button at the lower right of the panel to send the new values to the program…” Engine Simulation Applet allows you to choose from four different types of engines:
Jet with Afterburner; Turbofan Engine; Ramjet…” Design variables for each engine component can also be
Fan (pressure ratio, efficiency, and bypass ratio); Compressor (CPR, compressor efficiency); Burner…” For more information see PROPELLER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Ambient Temperature…” For more information see
ICING WIND TUNNEL LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC.
WIND TUNNELS Some Examples of Wind Tunnel Facilites
WIND TUNNEL SOFTWARE
WIND TUNNEL VIDEOS
Supersonic Wind Tunnel Surface Flow Visualization with Micro Vortex Generators Videos; Supersonic Wind Tunnel Schlieren and Surface Flow Visualization Videos; etc…” For more information see WIND TUNNEL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Set Angle of Attack; Start Tunnel; etc…” For more information see
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Radar & Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)
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Automatic Identification System
Radar Courses, Lectures & Textbooks
Radar Antennas ~ Radar Boundary – Relative Speed
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Radar & AIS Systems
by a single shore-based ‘physical AIS base station’. AIS CapCalc will provide the answer for user-defined traffic scenarios…” Automatic Identification System Calculator INPUT Values include:
Ship at anchor or moored and not moving faster than 3 knots; Ship at anchor or moored and moving faster than 3 knots; Ship 0-14 knots; Ship 0-14 knots and changing course; Ship 14-23 knots; Ship 14-23 knots and changing course; etc…” For more information see
Airborne Radar
Ku-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery; Sandia MiniSAR – Miniaturized Synthetic Aperture Radar; MTI & CCD Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery; RTV Synthetic Aperture Radar; X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery; etc…” Sandia SAR Presentations
UAVs – Taking Reconnaissance to Another Level – UAVs: The Way Ahead; etc…” Synthetic Aperture Radar Movie Gallery; etc…” For more information see Polarimetric Radar
electromagnetic wave, in addition to the magnitude and phase as with conventional Doppler radars. As a result, polarimetric radars can deduce information regarding the size, shape, phase (e.g., ice vs. water), and orientation of precipitation hydrometeors. Polarimetric radar techniques can also be used to…” Examples of “Polarimetric Radar Meteorology” Course Lectures include
Lecture 3: Radar Wave, Polarization and Scattering; Lecture 6: Differential Propagation Phase; Lecture 8: Polarimetric Radar Data Processing; Lecture 10: Polarimetric Radar Properties of Hail; Lecture 12: Bulk hydrometeor identification from polarimetric radar; etc…” For more information see the
Radar Antenna Calculator provided on this page helps to find answers…” Radar Antenna Calculator INPUT Values include:
Vertical Beamwidth; Antenna Gain; etc…” Also includes a table that
For more information see
volume…This applet provides a simpler way to get this information. In addition to providing the user the beam center height, it also provides the beam top height, beam bottom height, and the beam width…” Beamwidth Calculator (Beam Property Calculator) INPUT Values include:
For more information see
schematic diagram in an operational environment…” Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator
variables (cell speed, cell direction, and boundary speed; all speeds in m s-1) to compute the boundary-relative velocity at points all along the circular boundary…” For more information see
maximum range determined from the parameters of a radar system (antenna and transmitter/receiver combination)…” Radar Free-Space Range Calculator INPUT Values include:
Radar Transmitter/Receiver
Target
Also includes
NAVGEN Algorithm to determine 2D Position Fixing Errors; etc…” For more information see
the target visibility range…” Radar Horizon Calculator INPUT Values include:
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Flight School – Ground School – Aviation Maintenance
How to Fly
Airplanes, Helicopters, Seaplanes, Gyroplanes, etc.
Instrument Flying, Flight Testing, etc.
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Flight School, Ground School, How to Fly Airplanes & Helicopters, etc.
GROUND SCHOOL COURSES COURSES, MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, TEXTBOOKS, ETC FOR GENERAL AVIATION FLIGHT PLANS, EXAMS, AIRPORT LOCATORS, AVIATION FUEL PRICES, ETC. SEE
introduces pilots to the broad spectrum of knowledge that will be needed as they progress in their pilot training. Except for the Code of Federal Regulations pertinent to civil aviation, most of the knowledge areas applicable to pilot certification are presented. This handbook is useful to beginning pilots, as well as those pursuing more advanced pilot certificatess…” Examples of “Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge” Textbook Chapters include
Chapter 2: Aeronautical Decision-Making; Chapter3: Aircraft Construction; Chapter 4: Principles of Flight; Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight Chapter 6: Flight Controls Chapter 7: Aircraft Systems; Chapter 8: Flight Instruments; Chapter 9: Flight Manuals and Other Documents; etc. For more information see
and knowledge that are essential for piloting airplanes. It provides information on transition to other airplanes and the operation of various airplane systems. It is developed by the Flight Standards Service, Airman Testing Standards Branch, in cooperation with various aviation educators and industry…” Examples of “Airplane Flying Handbook” Chapters include
Ground Operations; Basic Flight Maneuvers; Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins; Takeoff and Departure Climbs; Ground Reference Maneuvers; Airport Traffic Patterns; Approaches and Landings; Performance Maneuvers; R Night Operations; etc…”
Electronic Flight Instruments; Navigation; Automated Flight Control; Information Systems; etc…” For more information see
who is interested in how airplanes behave. The idea is to concentrate on ideas that are useful in the cockpit, and to explain them as clearly as possible…” Examples of “See How It Flies (How to Fly Airplanes)” Course Chapters include
Angle of Attack Awareness and Angle of Attack Management; Airfoils and Airflow; Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag; Vertical Damping, Roll Damping, and Stalls; Angle of Attack Stability, Trim, and Spiral Dives; Energy and Power; Yaw-Wise Torque Budget; Roll-Wise Torque Budget; Equilibrium, Stability, and Damping; Slips, Skids, and Snap Rolls; Landing; Takeoff; Cross-Country Flying; Emergency Procedures; Flight Maneuvers; Multi-Engine Flying; Stalls and Spins; The Laws of Motion; etc…” For more information see
Definition of Angle of Attack; Trim for Angle of Attack!; Perceiving Pitch Angle; Making Changes in Angle of Attack; Pitch Attitude versus Angle of Attack; etc…”
Bernoulli’s Principle; Stall Warning Devices; Inverted Flight, Cambered vs. Symmetric Airfoils; Circulation; Lift Requires Circulation & Vortices; Frost on the Wings; etc…”
P-Factor; Gyroscopic Precession; Canted Engine; Rudder Usage During Rolls; etc…”
Judging High or Low; Rule of Thumb; Judging Pitch Attitude and Angle of Attack; Basic “Normal” Landing; High-Performance Landing; Soft-field Landing; Crosswind Landing; etc…”
Speeding Up and Slowing Down; Phugoids; Turns; Constant-Heading Slips; Chandelles; Changing Headwinds and Tailwinds; etc…”
Altitude and altimeters; Aerofoils and wings; Tailplane surfaces; Weight and balance; etc…” Flight planning and navigation
Flight plan completion; Enroute adjustments; Supplementary navigation techniques; Electronic planning and navigation; etc…” VHF radiocommunications;
helicopters equipped with floats or skis. It is developed by the Flight Standards Service, Airman Testing Standards Branch, in cooperation with various aviation educators and industry…” “…This handbook is primarily intended to assist pilots who already hold private or commercial certificates and who are learning to fly seaplanes, skiplanes, or helicopters equipped for water or ski operations. It is also beneficial to rated seaplane pilots who wish to improve their proficiency, pilots preparing for flights using ski equipped aircraft, and…” Examples of “Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook” Chapters include
Water Characteristics and Seaplane Base Operations; Seaplane Operations: Preflight and Takeoffs; Performance; Seaplane Operations: Landings; Skiplane Operations; Float and Ski Equipped Helicopters; etc…” For more information see
Helicopter Flight Controls; Helicopter Components, Sections, and Systems; Ground Procedures and Flight Preparations; Basic Flight Maneuvers; Night Operations; etc…” For more information see
for instrument rating tests. Instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training…” Examples of “Instrument Flying Handbook” Chapters include
The Air Traffic Control System; Aerodynamic Factors; Flight Instruments; Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying Using Analog Instrumentation; Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying Using an Electronic Flight Display; Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers Using Analog Instrumentation; Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers Using an Electronic Flight Display; Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying; Navigation Systems; IFR Flight; Emergency Operations; etc…” For more information see
operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) in the National Airspace System (NAS). It expands on information contained in the FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook, and introduces advanced information for IFR operations…” Examples of “Instrument Procedures Handbook” Chapters include
Takeoffs and Departures; En Route Operations; Arrivals; Approach; System Improvement Plans; Helicopter Instrument Procedures; etc…” For more information see
emphasizing its importance and including examples of documentation furnished by the aircraft manufacturer and by the FAA to ensure the aircraft weight and balance records contain the proper data…” “…Procedures for the preparation and the actual weighing of an aircraft are described, as are the methods of determining the location of the empty weight center of gravity (EWCG) relative to both the datum and the mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)…” Examples of “Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook” Chapters include
Chapter 2: Weight and Balance Theory; Chapter 3: Weighing the Aircraft and Determining the Empty-Weight Center of Gravity; Chapter 5: Single-Engine Aircraft Weight and Balance Computations; Chapter 6: Multiengine Aircraft Weight and Balance Computations; Chapter 7: Center of Gravity Change After Repair or Alteration; etc…” For more information see
FOR MORE METEOROLOGY, ETC. COURSES, LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC. SEE THE
Climate; Coastal Weather; Convective Weather; Fire Weather; Fog and Low Stratus; Hurricanes/Tropical; Hydrology/Flooding; Marine Met/Oceans; NWP Modeling; Radar Meteorology; Satellite Meteorology; Space Weather; etc…” For more information see the
Transporting the Aircraft to the Airport; Assembly and Airworthiness Inspection; Weight and Balance; Powerplant Tests; etc…” The First Flight; For more information see
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Aerodynamics, Aircraft Assembly, and Rigging; Aircraft Fabric Covering; Aircraft Metal Structural Repair; Aircraft Welding; Advanced Composite Materials; Aircraft Electrical System; Glossary; etc…” Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Airframe: Volume II – 2012
Communication and Navigation; Hydraulic and Pneumatic; Aircraft Fuel System; Ice and Rain Protection; etc…” Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Powerplant: Volume I – 2012
Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems; Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems; Engine Staring Systems; etc…” Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Powerplant: Volume II – 2012
Propellers; Engine Removal and Replacement; Engine Maintenance Operation; etc… For more information see
such as the VOR, RMI, ADF, and HSI…” Online VOR Simulator; Examples of “Aviation Calculators” include
Altitude Correction for Pressure Altitude Calculator; QNH (altimeter setting) Calculator; QFE (zero height setting) Calculator; Cloud Base Calculator; True Altitude Calculator; etc…” Wind & Time – Speed – Distance Calculators
Magnetic Heading Calculator; Compass Heading Calculator; Cross/Head Wind Components Calculator; etc…” Weight & Balance Calculators
CG Shift Calculator; CG From Datum Calculator; Ballast Calculator; Cargo Pallet Load Calculator; etc…” Radius of Action Calculators; etc. For more information see
FlightGear includes an Extensive and Accurate World Scenery Data Base including:
Correct runway markings and placement, correct runway and approach lighting; Taxiways available for many larger airports (even including the green center line lights when appropriate.); Sloping runways (runways change elevation like they usually do in real life.); Directional airport lighting that smoothly changes intensity as your relative view direction changes; etc…” FlightGear implements
correctly placed sun, moon, stars, and planets for the specified time and date. FlightGear can track the current computer clock time in order to correctly place the sun, moon, stars, etc. in their current and proper place relative to the earth…” FlightGear
aircraft. Currently you can fly the 1903 Wright Flyer, strange flapping wing “ornithopters”, a 747 and A320, various military jets, and several light singles…”; etc.
aircraft’s motion and performance…” For more information see
Aircraft Type; Fuel Consumption; Annual Usage; Average Trip Distance; Finance (Per Aircraft); Fixed Costs (Per Aircraft); Service – Maintenance Costs; Tyre (Tire) Wear Costs; etc…” For more information see
Crossover Altitude Calculator; CAS/Mach/TAS/EAS Calculator; etc…”
altitude and virtual temperature are all calculated, in addition to the SAE J1349 relative horsepower…” For more information see
computes the distance along that path. It can also display the area which is within a given range of a location….A great circle path is the shortest path on the surface of a sphere between two points on that sphere. Technically, the term geodesic path should be used in this page since Earth is not a true sphere, but the great circle terminology is common usage….” For more information see
Ambient Temperature…” For more information see
helicopter training program uses live instructor-led methods to prepare new student pilots for helicopter flight training…”
that if they were to fly they would have to carry out controlled scientific experiments to design the lifting surfaces…” Wright Flyer Simulations include:
Full speed, ie ‘real-time’; Full speed with a gusting wind…” For more information see |
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FAA PILOT LICENCE PRACTICE EXAMS
Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide; Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide; Flight and Ground Instructor Knowledge Test Guide; Flight Engineer Knowledge Test Guide; Inspection Authorization Information Guide; etc…” For more information see FLIGHT PLAN DATABASES, CALCULATORS, SOFTWARE, ETC.
aviation community text, digital and graphical forecasts, analyses, and observations of aviation-related weather variables. ADDS is a joint effort of NCAR Research Applications Program (RAP), Global Systems Division (GSD) of NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Aviation Weather Center (AWC)….” For more information see the TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, ETC.
need to refresh your memory. This section of the TFM Learning Center provides you with a comprehensive list of downloadable Refresher Training courses (zip files). When choosing a link to the right, a download popup will appear,…” For more information see
with traffic flow management in the National Airspace System (NAS)…” “…Pilots can now access the Traffic Flow Management for Fight Operations Personnel in PDF format….” For more information see U.S. FLIGHT INFORMATION
that displays up to the minute Ground Delay, Ground Stop, Deicing, and general airport delay information…” For more information see
for 48 airports, as well as the edge and centerline lighting settings are updated in real time…” For more information see
For more information see
GEOGRAPHIC MIDPOINT WITH MAPS & GEODESIC LINES, CIRCLES, ENVELOPES WITH MAPS CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR MORE GEOGRAPHIC MIDPOINT & GREAT CIRCLE CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE
located halfway along the great circle route, which is the shortest route that runs between both cities…” Geographic Midpoint Calculator with Maps
for two or more places…” “…The calculator provides you over 3000 world cities to
specify the geodesic in one of two forms:…”
“…The inverse problem: specify the two end points as…” For more information see AIRPORT LOCATORS
Airport Operations
Lights; Beacon; etc…” Airport Communications
Clearance Delivery; etc…” Nearby Radio Navigation Aids; For more information see
aids to aviation (VORs, NDBs,)…” For more information see AVIATION FUEL COSTS DATABASE
a continuously updated nationwide airport directory with aviation fuel prices including 100 Low Lead and Jet-A, hotels, ground transportation, airport services…” Aviation Fuel Prices Database ouput values include:
Hours of Operation; Airport Map; Current Weather Conditions; etc…” |
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BALLOON FLYING MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
It introduces pilots to the broad spectrum of knowledge that will be needed as they progress in their pilot training. This handbook is for student pilots, as well as those pursuing more advanced pilot certificates…” Examples of “Balloon Flying Handbook” Chapters include
Hot Air Balloon Design, Systems, and Theory; Pre?ight Planning; Weather Theory and Reports; The National Airspace System; Layout to Launch; In-Flight Maneuvers; Landing and Recovery; Aeromedical Factors; The Instructional Process; The Gas Balloon; etc…” For more information see |
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PARACHUTING MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
It is developed by the Flight Standards Service,Airman Testing Standards Branch, in cooperation with various aviation educators and industry…” “…This handbook is primarily intended to assist individuals who are preparing for the parachute rigger airman knowledge test and the oral and practical test. The material presented in this handbook is appropriate for senior and master parachute riggers…” Examples of “Parachute Rigger Handbook – Change 1: (December 2015)” Chapters include
Parachute Design and Construction; Parachute Materials; Parachute Operations; Parachute Inspection and Packing; Hands Tools,Sewing Machines, and the Parachute Loft; Repairs, Alterations, and Manufacture; etc…” For more information see PARACHUTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
with different fall rates, given the fall rate, airplane speed, and winds…” For more information see WING LOAD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Current Wingload Calculator…” For more information see GLIDER MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC.
category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers,…” Examples of “Glider Flying Handbook” Chapters include
Components and Systems; Aerodynamics of Flight; Flight Instruments; Glider Performance; Preflight and Ground Operations; Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers; Abnormal and Emergency Procedures; Soaring Weather; Soaring Techniques; etc…” For more information see SOARING FLIGHT TRAINING & SAFETY TRAINING VIDEOS
PTS: Slack Line Training Video; PTS: Slips to Landing Training Video; Crosswing Landing Training Video; etc…” For more information see
Stall Spin Base to Final Safety Video; The Kite Safety Video; Ground Loop on Launch Safety Video; Aerotow Turn Safety Video; Spiral Dive Safety Video; etc…” For more information see TOW PILOT COURSE
Takeoff Planning; Standard American Soaring Signals – Ground Signals; Take Off and Climb; Tow Positions, Turns, and Release; Cross-Country Aerotow; etc…” For more information see SOARING FORCAST – U.S.
sounding data, plus the thermal index calculations depicted in tabular form and graphically. If run between 1200Z and 2359Z, the report will be based on the 12Z sounding data. Otherwise it will be based on the 0Z data, using the forecast high temperature for that day…”
GLIDER WINCH LAUNCH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
pilots. It is possible to qualitatively describe what is going on but some explanations require the support of quantitative information. As a result I have modeled a winch launch. There are many complicated interactions between wire, glider, air and winch. It is so complicated that a completely accurate simulation is difficult so have had to make some simplifying assumptions…” For more information see GLIDING & SOARING: CLIMB & DESCENT GRADIENT CALCULATOR; GLIDING DISTANCE CALCULATOR;
Gliding Distance & Glide Ratio Calculator; Rate of Turn, Bank Angle and Load Factor Calculator; Pivotal Altitude Calculator; Time to VOR Calculator; Distance from VOR Calculator; etc…” For more information see
Data from over 25 Sailplanes including the ASH25, ASW19, Discus, Hornet etc., Wing Loading, Desired Angle of Bank, etc…” For more information see
GLIDING & SOARING: TASK PLANNING CALCULATOR
contest series database, the Agua Fria River Racers (AFRR) database used by pilots flying out of Turf, and the modified AFRR database that includes mountain turnpoints…” For more information see GLIDING & SOARING: BGA TURNPOINTS & CROSS-COUNTRY CALCULATOR
GLIDING & SOARING: DISTANCES BETWEEN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS CALCULATOR
Location from Distance and Bearing Calculator
For more information see |
Model Airplanes, Helicopters & Rockets
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Model Airplanes, Helicopters & Rockets Calculators,
Scale UP Conversion Calculator…” For more information see
For more information see the
several traditional methods for airfoil analysis…” Some examples of Airfoil Analysis within JavaFoil:
surface of the airfoil…” Boundary Layer Method
of an airfoil for a given flow condition (angle of attack, Reynolds number), an analysis of the viscous boundary layer is necessary…” Ground Effect – Wing in Ground Proximity (WIG)
creating a mirror image of the current airfoil below the ground, which is assumed to be at y=0. This creates a system of multiple airfoils which is symmetrical about the y=0 plane…” For more information see
be forward of the Neutral Point NP by a safety factor called the Static Margin, which is a percentage of the MAC (Mean Aerodynamic Chord)…” Aircraft Center of Gravity Calculator INPUT Values include
Stabiliser Root Chord; Stabiliser Tip Chord; Stabiliser Sweep Distance; Stabiliser Half Span; Distance between both LE’s; Type of Stabiliser…” For more information see
the distance necessary to offset the base of your motor to achieve a given thrust angle, i.e. Right thrust…” For more information see the |
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based on the blade element theory. The blade is divided into small sections, which are handled independently from each other. Each segment has a chord and a blade angle and associated airfoil characteristics…” Propeller Design INPUT Values include:
Distribution of Airfoil Lift and Drag Coefficients along the Radius; Thrust or the available Shaft Power; Density of the Medium…” Analysis of a Propeller
conditions, i.e. at a different speed or a different velocity of rotation…” For more information see
Dimension a Custom-sized Block Calculator; Find the Pitch of a specified X-block Calculator…” For more information see
for a 2 stroke piston engine…” “…The calculations are assuming a speed of sound in the exhaust gas, which is not known exactly; also, it depends on the temperature and thus on fuel/air mixture and external conditions…” For more information see
Rocket Motion; Stability & Control; Comptressed Air Rockets; Bottle Rockets; Model Rockets; Full Scale Rockets; Aerodynamic Force; Science & Math Fundamentals; Fluid Dynamics; Static Gases; etc…” For more information see
values of different design variables…” RocketModler II INPUT Values include:
For more information see |
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flight of your rocket…Now including Bruce Berggren’s air pulse formula! The air pulse is taken as an instantaneous impulse, so the acceleration curves don’t show it, but the velocity curve takes a jump upwards on burnout… Also with Launch Tube simulation, including the ability to use a launch tube of a different size from the nozzle, like with Scott’s T-Nozzles…” Water Rocket Simulation INPUT Values include
Bottle Diameter; Coefficient Drag; Dry Mass; etc…” Water Rocket Simulation OUTPUT values include:
Altitude Graph; Speed Graph; Acceleration Graph; etc…” For more information see
will accelerate, how fast it goes, and how high it will fly. Profiles of all of these values are calculated at a given time interval, and can be plotted for analysis and consideration…” Water Rocket Simulation INPUT Values include:
Nozzle Diameter; Motor Length; Dry Weight; etc…” For more information see
Transition/Shroud Calculator; Descent Rate Calculator; Calculate Streamer Size; etc…” For more information see
Manufacturer; Manufacturer Designation; CAR Designation; Test Date; Certified Until; Single-Use, Reload or Hybrid; Motor Dimensions; Loaded Weight; Total Impulse; Maximum Thrust; etc…” For more information see the
Brand Name; Common Name; Motor Type; Diameter; Length; Total Weight; Propeller Weight; Average Thrust; Maximum Thrust; Total impulse; Burn Time; etc…”
will descend. Note that it is only an estimate, and values will vary with wind, different air pressures, etc….” Model Rocket Descent Calculator INPUT Values include
Parachute Diameter; Shape of your Parachute; etc…”
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COORDINATE CALCULATORS & APPLETS
ASTRONOMICAL COORDINATES CALCULATORS HELIOCENTRIC TRAJECTORY CALCULATORS
and general data analysis efforts…” HEASARC Web Tool Categories include:
For more information see
ORBITAL MECHANICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Kepler’s Laws Calculators include
Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary Motion; Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion…” For more information see
L. F. Shampine (SNLA) and H. A. Watts (SNLA), based upon a method by T. J. Dekker…” For more information see
ROCKET SCIENCE 101 – ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
the earth atmosphere, and permits to plot any variable of the flight (range, speed, acceleration, …) as a function of time, or as a function of any of the other variables…” Sounding Rocket Calculator INPUT Values include:
Efficiency Cross Section; Chute Cross Section; etc…” For more information see SATELLITE RELATED CENTERS FOR SATELLITE NAVIGATION & TRACKING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SEE SATELLITE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
of your favorite satellites other than International Space Station or Space Shuttle…” Human Space Flight’s Tracking Map is
International Space Station and, when it is flying, the Space Shuttle…” Live 3D Java Tracking Display
Over 2,500 are satellites, operative and inoperative. The remaining objects are orbital debris: parts such as nosecone shrouds, lens, hatch covers, rocket bodies, payloads that have disintegrated or exploded, and even objects that “escape” from manned spacecraft during operations…” Predictions for Viewing Space Station, or Other Satellites; etc…” For more information see |
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SHUTTLE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS COURSE WITH VIDEOS/MOVIES & AUDIO/SOUND
Propulsion-Space Shuttle Main Engines; Landing and Mechanical System; OMS, RCS, Fuel Cells, Auxiliary Power Unit and Hydraulic Systems; Aerothermodynamics; Guidance, Navigation and Control; Design Process as it Relates to the Shuttle; EVA and Robotics on the Shuttle; Systems Engineering for Space Shuttle Payloads; etc…” For more information see SPACE FLIGHT RELATED CENTERS FOR SPACE FLIGHT NAVIGATION & TRACKING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SEE SPACE FLIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
from the launch site into orbit….user may change the parameters of the rocket, such as the type and mass of the fuel, the thrust of the engines…” For more information see HEASARC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
and general data analysis efforts…” HEASARC Web Tool Categories include:
For more information see
SPACECRAFT COORDINATES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
geocentric spacecraft location information into a framework of (empirical) geophysical regions and mappings of spacecraft locations along lines of the Earth’s magnetic field…” For more information see the
plot the orbits of multiple spacecraft. In addition to orbit plots, mapped and time series plots can also be generated…” For more information see the |
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