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MARTINDALE’S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER PART I: F-H HAM RADIO ACOUSTICS, NOISE EXPOSURE, SOUND, MICROPHONE & SPEAKER DESIGN (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, |
Ham Radio
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AMATEUR RADIO CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
FOR MORSE CODE CALCULATORS SEE AMATEUR RADIO PRACTICE EXAM
from the FCC. Before receiving a license grant, you must pass an examination administered by a team of volunteer examiners (VEs). The VEs determine the license operator class for which you are qualified through the testing of your skills and abilities in operating an amateur station…” For more information see
General Class Practice Exam; Extra Class Practice Exam; Customize a Practice Exam…” For more information see
and then submit them to the eHam.net examiner robot. Your exam will be scored, you will be given your exam results. You will also be shown the correct answers to each question…” Ham Radio Practice Exams include
General Ham Radio Practice Exam; Extra Ham Radio Practice Exam…” For more information see the COMMERCIAL OPERATOR LICENSE EXAM
For more information see AMATEUR RADIO DESIGN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
Antenna EiRP Estimator Antenna EiRP Estimator Calculator INPUT Values include:
Coax Type
Antenna Type
Quad Loop; 3, 3 & 4 Element Quad; Other…” Gain…”
Required Inductance; Dust Core (Yes or No)…”
Ra; Rf; V1; V2.
Required Output Voltage; Maximum Load Current…” COIL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
For more information see
Coil Diameter; Number of turns; Coil Length; etc…” For more information see CONVERT & CORRECT DIAL READINGS CALCULATORS & APPLETS
Twin-T impedance measuring circuit to admittance and impedance values incorporating residual corrections…” For more information see VSWR CALCULATORS & APPLETS
For more information see |
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ANTENNA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
ANTENNA SYSTEMS COURSES, LESSONS, PROJECTS & DATABASES
discusses wave motion, sound-wave terminology, light waves, properties of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. Topic 2 discusses radio-wave propagation, including components of radio waves, electromagnetic fields, and effects of the Earth’s atmosphere and terrain on radio waves. Topic 3 discusses transmission line theory, including terminology…” Examples from over “60” Antenna Subchapters include:
Current And Voltage Distribution On An Antenna; Radiation Of Electromagnetic Energy; Antenna Characteristics; Polarization; Radiation Resistance; Isotropic Radiation; Anisotropic Radiation; Antenna Loading; Basic Antennas; Folded Dipole; Array Antennas; etc…” For more information see
T-NETWORK TUNER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
inductor T-network tuners…The autotune algorithm tries to minimize the inductance used by first finding a starting match by setting one of the capacitors to its maximum value and if that fails it tries each of the components at its current value…” For more information see YAGI ANTENNA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
trivial 2 elmenent yagi. Click on calculate to have the applet calculate the driven element input impedance, gain, front to back ratio. The pattern is displayed on the graph. The upper part of the graph is…” For more information see CALL SIGN CALCULATORS, APPLETS & DATABASES
be a useful resource for new hams waiting for their license and current hams waiting for an upgrade…” For more information see the FOR DISTANCE & LOCATION CALCULATORS SEE
GRID LOCATION CALCULATORS & APPLETS EXAMPLES FOR GRID LOCATION & DISTANCE/LOCATION CALCULATORS SEE |
Acoustics, Noise Exposure, Audio Engineering,
Sound, Speaker Design, Horns, Loudspeakers
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infrasound because they are too low in frequency to be audible to the human ear, can carry through the atmosphere for thousands of kilometers…” Examples of Infrasound Lessons, Technical Reports, etc. Subject Categories include
Infrasound Arrays; Volcano Infrasound; Bolide Infrasound; Surf Infrasound; etc…” For more information see the
ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ACOUSTIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AUDIO CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FOR RELATED ACOUSTICS COURSES, LESSONS, TECHNICAL REPORTS, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE MOTION PICTURES, DVD’S & TV CALCULATORS & APPLETS OR LIVE PERFORMANCE, STATE & THEATER CALCULATORS & APPLETS
architectural environment the systems operate in…” For more information see
Decibels and Distance Calculator Decibels and Distance Calculator
decibels, you can expect with a change in receiver distance, in a free field (outdoors)…”
with your current room design. This is a simplified rectangular room in this calculation, and should only be considered a first order approximation to tell you what magnitude of acoustical problem you can expect…”
shaped rooms with uniform wall construction…This is especially useful in finding the optimum room shape for home theatre and listening rooms, studios, and practice rooms.”
Speaker Details Calculator; Listener Details Calculator; Reverb Time Calculator; Critical Distance Calculator; Percentage Articulation Loss of Consonants (%ALCONS) Calculator…”
inches, feet and metres, based on the speed of sound at sea level, and at 20 degrees Celsius or 72 degrees Farenheit. Note that with audio frequencies of 20Hz to 20,000Hz the range of physical sizes of wavelengths is substantial (1000:1), and this causes no end of problems with loudspeaker system design…”
Sound Pressure and Intensity Levels Calculator; Ohm’s Law as Acoustic Equivalent for Plane Progressive Waves Calculator; Decibel Calculator; Reactance Calculator of C and L; Damping of bridging and damping factor Calculator; Reverberation Time <> Sound Decay Rate Calculator; etc. For more information see
FOR RELATED MUSIC ACOUSTICS & VIBRATIONS CALCULATORS SEE
Sound Waves and Radiation from Sources; Complicated Wave Phenomena; Room Acoustics; Vibration of 1-DOF Simple Oscillators; Vibration of Multi-DOF Systems; etc…” For more information see
to study the vibration of an electric guitar in order to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes…”
maybe 1/2 a mile across or so. During the day you can see campers on the other side of the lake, but you cannot hear them. At night, however, you can not only see the campers on the other side of the lake but you can also hear their conversations as they sit around their camp fire. This phenomena is due to the refraction of sound waves…”
Radiation from a dipole source; Radiation from a lateral quadrupole source…”
has become my primary area of research. I have been able to correlate the vibrational frequencies of bat barrels to measured performance, and have signicantly contributed to an understanding of the trampoline effect in a hollow bat. In addition, my vibrational analysis of the bending modes of a bat has added to the understanding of perception and feel, including why some bats sting more or less than others…”
Flute Acoustics; Clarinet Acoustics; Saxophone Acoustics; Brass Acoustics; Didjeridu Acoustics; Violin Acoustics; Guitar https://cialtad.com Acoustics; Voice Acoustics; etc…” For more information see
response of your own ears. The flash script allows you to play sound files with a range of frequencies and sound levels with the click of a mouse…” “…Results using this test cannot be regarded as clinical data. Although the sound files have been carefully prepared, the actual sound level and spectral purity depend on the frequency response of your sound card and headphones. They may, however, be helpful for comparison, such as left vs right ear, or for changes in hearing over time, assuming that you use the same hardware…”
of the amount of vibration at each individual frequency. It is usually presented as a…”
(technically, a control oscillator). The reed, in cooperation with the resonances in the air in the instrument, produces an oscillating component of both flow and pressure. Once the air in the saxophone is vibrating, some of the energy is radiated as sound out of the bell and any open holes…”
air in the instrument, produces an oscillating component of the flow. Once the air in the flute is vibrating, some of the energy is radiated as sound out of the end and any open holes…”
REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Room Acoustics Calculators
DIN 18041 and ÖNORM B 8115-3. After the usage and the appropriate standard have been selected the calculator derives the relevant design quantities, tolerance ranges or limits, and the corresponding state of the room (furnished, unfurnished, occupied or unoccupied)…” Room Acoustics Calculator INPUT Values include:
Rehearsal Room, Film Theater, Office, Airport, Museum, etc…” Shape of Room
Bare Ceiling;
Abosrbers; etc. For more information see
Room Eigenmodes Calculators
rectangular rooms and presents them in ascending order. To distinguish between the different eigenmodes they are designated by a combination of three natural numbers. In the calculator they are listed in…” Room Eigenmodes Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see Reverberation Calculators
the time (seconds) that it takes for sound reflections within a space to become inaudible after a loud sound, such as a handclap, was made…” Examples of Reverberation Calculator INPUT Values include
Describe your Space. Design Guidelines
Surface Materials
Enter number of objects in Space. Reverberation Time Calculation Result Summary; etc…” For more information see
The results show the inter-relationship between reverberation time and room finishes. This calculator is provided as an educational tool to demonstrate this relationship, and any use made of the information here is done at the sole risk of the user…” For more information see |
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NOISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
INDUSTRIAL NOISE NOISE CALCULATORS & APPLETS ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE CALCULATORS & APPLETS
to give you an indication of the maximum and minimum sound levels you can handle. It is necessarily an approximation, based on the assumption that your microphone and recorder noise are reasonably evenly spread across the frequency spectrum…” Noise Calculator for Wildlife Sound Recording INPUT Values include:
Recorder (Minimum signal for 0dBFS; Maximum signal before clipping; Self Noise)…” For more information see
Weekly Noise Exposure Calculator; Hearing Protection Calculator…” For more information see
or “dose” in accordance with the UK Noise at Work Regulations…” For more information see
distance from a road. Important data are the number of cars and trucks that use the road, the mean speed and the distance from you to the road…”
and the noise levels (either Lmax or SEL; if you don’t know the difference: if nothing is specified you can assume Lmax is measured or calculated). If the noise is impuls like (shooting, hammering or the like), an impuls correction of 12 dB is applied. If a SEL-value is supplied, you have to add 12 dB to this value yourself. Together with the number of awakenings the nighttime LAeq is calculated….”
at a certain distance. You can choose a sound power from the list, press the calculate button and you will have an average sound level on the preset 50 meters distance. This is, of course, a LAeq sound level when the industry is operational. T he default is for 8 hour functioning over an 16 hr day period…” SOUND CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Speed of Sound in Humid Air
speed of sound in humid air according to Cramer (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, p2510, 1993), with saturation vapour pressure taken from Davis, Metrologia, 29, p67, 1992, and a mole fraction of carbon dioxide of 0.0004….” Speed of Sound in Humid Air Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere
coefficient according to ISO 9613-1, given those four variables. This model assumes uniform meteorological conditions. The reference ambient atmospheric pressure, is that of the International Standard Atmosphere at mean sea level…” Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see Absorption of Sound in Seawater
of sound from a source to a receiver. It depends on the seawater properties, such as temperature, salinity and acidity as well as the frequency of the sound. The details of the underlying physics of absorption are quite complex. Note that the absorption causes only part of the transmission loss. Usually, the major contribution to transmission loss is the spreading of the acoustic wave as it propagates away from the source…” Absorption of Sound in Seawater Calculator INPUT Values include:
For more information see SPEED OF SOUND IN PURE WATER CALCULATORS & APPLETS
(2) Marczak Equation for Speed of Sound as a Function of Temperature only Calculator; (3) Lubbers and Graaff’s Simplified Equations for Speed of Sound as a Function of Temperature only Calculator; (4) Belogol’skii, Sekoyan et al Equations for Speed of Sound as a Function of Temperature and Pressure Calculator For more information see SPEED OF SOUND IN SEA-WATER CALCULATORS & APPLETS
2 Interactive Versions for Pressure or Depth…” For more information see
SPL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
at the listening position…This calculator does not account for room acoustics, amplifier dynamic headroom or off axis listening positions…” Sound Pressure Level Calculator INPUT Values include:
Amplifier Power; Distance; Number of Speakers; Speaker Placement (Away from walls, Near a wall or In a corner)…” For more information see SOUNDSCAPES – SEEING WITH YOUR EARS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
own 64 x 64, 16 grey-tone image and immediately hear the corresponding 64-voice polyphonic soundscape being synthesized on the fly!…” For more information see |
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MICROPHONE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS
a measurement of Sound “Pressure” Level (SPL) which is the force per area that acoustical sound waves apply to air particles. Microphones are sensors in the soundfield which deliver an analogous voltage. Microphones measure sound pressure, or…” Microphone Calculators include
Microphone Dynamic Range Calculator INPUT Values include
For more information see
so that visitors can observe how the speaker operates…” “…The current, alternating at the same frequency as the sound waves that generated it, induces an alternating magnetic field in the coil. As the polarity of the magnetic field of the coil alternates, it is alternatively attracted to and repelled by the permanent magnet. This causes the coil to vibrate. The vibrating coil causes…” For more information see the
the quality of a $10,000 speaker, but for a couple hundred dollars, you can build speakers that will sound much better than anything you can buy at that price…” Examples of “Audio Speaker Box Design” Subject Categories include
Speaker Wiring; Home Theater Speakers; etc…” LaLena’s Speaker Design Calculators include
2-way Crossover Designer Calculator; 3-way APC Crossover Designer Calculator; Series Notch Filter Calculator; Parallel Notch Filter Calculator; Driver Attenuation Circuit Design Calculator; Inductor Designer Calculator; etc….” For more information see
Speaker Box Enclosure Designer Speaker Box Designer Calculator INPUT Values include
Narrow Band Pass Crossover Calculator; Zobe Passive Crossover Calculator; etc…” For more information see
the frequency response of the loudspeakers in your listening room…” Room Acoustics Calculator INPUT Values include:
Rehearsal Room, Film Theater, Office, Airport, Museum, etc…” Shape of Room
Bare Ceiling;
For more information see |
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