MARTINDALE’S THE “VIRTUAL” ~ VETERINARY CENTER NON-LIVESTOCK CENTER |
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Home Page ~
Veterinary Center
NON-LIVESTOCK CENTER
Amphibians ~
Lions ~
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American Society of Mammalogists Mammal Image Library
Division of Mammals of the Department of Vertebrate Zoology at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution and The American Society of Mammalogists…” For more information see the
from over 80% of the families of mammals – an exhaustive collection of pictures of mammals…” For more information see the |
Avian – Ornithology: Birds, Crane, Ducks,
Geese, Parrots, Waterfowl, Raptors, etc.
Ornithology Courses, Textbooks, etc.
Digestive System: Food & Feeding Habits; Urinary System, Salt Glands, & Osmoregulation; Circulatory System; Respiratory System; Energy Balance & Thermoregulation; Nervous System; Vocal Communication; Mating Systems; Avian Reproduction; etc…” For more information see
Flight; Behavior and Communication; Migration; Behavior; Avian Life Histories; Reproduction; Avian Populations; Metapopulations – Communities; etc…” For more information see Avian Cognition Courses, Lectures, Textbooks, etc.
“…New findings indicate that birds use infrasonic signals radiated from the land surface for navigational purposes during their journeys…” “…Perplexing behavior by birds observed during experimental releases can be readily explained by the influences of topography and atmospheric variation on the propagation of infrasound…” For more information see
For more information see
Evolution of Retinal Structures; Taking Flight: Post-Retinal Processing; etc…”
An Information-Theoretic Account of Same-Different Discrimination; Successive Same-Different Discrimination; etc…”
Retrospective and Prospective Coding; etc…” How Bird Flocks Turn
find that information about direction changes propagates across the flock with a linear dispersion law and negligible attenuation, hence minimizing group decoherence. These results contrast starkly with present models of collective motion, which predict diffusive transport of information…” For more information see the Also see
when and where individuals decide to turn, information that enabled them to follow how the decision sweeps through the flock. The tracking data showed that the message to turn started from a handful of birds and swept through the flock at a constant speed between 20 and 40 meters per second. That means that for a group of 400 birds, it takes just a little more than a half-second for the whole flock to turn…” “…The researchers derived a mathematical description of how a turn moves through the flock…” “…Interestingly, Cavagna adds, the new model is mathematically identical to the equations that describe superfluid helium…”
General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds
Field Manual of Wildlife Disease (2015)…” For more information see the
Bird Databases – World Wide
over 9,400 Species with Photos; over 10,000 Species with Sounds; over 93.0 % of all the species covered…”
of the world, containing over 9 million records about 10,000 species and 22,000 subspecies of birds, including distribution information, taxonomy, synonyms in several languages and more….” For more information see
xeno-canto: Bird Songs from Around the World include
revolutionized the way that the birding community reports and accesses information about birds…” Bird Databases – Africa
Bird Databases – Asia
Bird Databases – North America
Description; Sound & Sonograms; Conservation Status; Other Names; Cool Facts; Sex Differences; Full detailed species account; Similar Species; Habitat; Food; Behavior; Reproduction; Range Map; Sources; etc…” For more information see
Bird Indexes
CANADIAN MIGRATION MONITORING NETWORK DATABASES – Canadian Migration Monitoring Network Multimedia Canadian Migration Monitoring Network Database (Text & Images). For more information see the Canadian Migration Monitoring Network;
Brown Teal Housing/Environment Standars; Brown Teal Nutrition and Feeding Standards; Brown Teal Capture, Handling and Transport Requirements; Brown Teal Breeding Management; Brown Teal Artificial Incubation; etc…” For more information see
Andean Condor Transport; Andean Condor Nutrition; Andean Condor Veterinary Care; Andean Condor Reproduction; Andean Condor Behavior Managemet; etc…” For more information see
Flamingo Management; Flamingo Reproduction; Flamingo Nutrition; etc…” For more information see the
Blue-crowned Motmot Habitat; Blue-crowned Motmot Reproduction; Blue-crowned Motmot Reproduction in Captivity; Blue-crowned Motmot Diet; etc…”
Guam Micronesian Kingfisher Enclosure Parameters; Behavior and Social Organization; etc…”
Bee Eaters Insectivore Diet; Bee Eaters Breeding; etc…”
Hornbill Environmental Conditions and Housing; Hornbill Diet Requirements; Hornbill Reproduction; etc…” For more information see
Kori Bustard Habitat Design and Containment; Kori Bustard Social Environment; Kori Bustard Nutrition; Kori Bustard Veterinary Care; Kori Bustard Reproduction; etc…” For more information see
Crane Egg and Semen Production; Crane Incubation and Hatching; Crane Chick Rearing; Crane Reproductive Physiology; Crane Medicine and Surgery; Special Techniques (Artificial Insemination, Sex Determination, etc.); etc…” For more information see
Crane Behavioral Sampling Protocol; Description of Crane Behavioral Ethons; etc…” For more information see
from flow and force measurements performed in a wind tunnel using a falcon model that scaled 1:1 to the real life animal. Combining both studies enabled us to determine the actual angle of attack during a nose-dive at maximum speed…” For more information see
Suborder – Accipitres (family – Pandionidae); Suborder – Accipitres (family – Accipitridae); Suborder – Sagittarii; Suborder – Falcones…” Management in Captivity
Feeding; Breeding; Handling; etc…” Taxonomies and Common names for each Suborder/Family of Falconiformes; For more information see
Management in Captivity
Red-crested Turaco Feeding; Red-crested Turaco Breeding; Red-crested Turaco Handling; etc…” For more information see the
Hummingbirds Husbandry Guidelines, PDF, 26 Pages – Authors: K. Krebbs, D. Rimlinger & M. Mace; Babblers Husbandry and Management, PDF, 10 Pages – Author: J. Pichner; Corvids (Crows, Jays & Magpies) Husbandry and Management, PDF, 5 Pages – Author: T. Fox; etc…” For more information see the
Babblers Social Behavior and Exhibition; Babblers Reproduction; etc…”
Hummingbirds Behavior and Social Management; Hummingbirds Reproduction; Hummingbirds Nutrition; etc…”
bitter and savory, also known as “umami.”…” “…At some point in the hummingbirds’ evolution, a taste receptor transformed from one that’s normally used to detect umami [savory] flavors, into one that’s used to taste sweets instead…”
an advanced micro helicopter rotor shows that they are remarkably similar…” For more information see
Toucan Housing; Toucan Quarantine; Toucan Breeding Enclosure Setup…” For more information see
Management in Capitivity
Feeding; Breeding; Handling and Transport; etc. Literature & Appendices…” For more information see
Palm Cockatoo Natural History; Palm Cockatoo Housing Requirements; Palm Cockatoo Feeding; Palm Cockatoo Handling and Transport; Palm Cockatoo Health Requirements; etc…” For more information see |
Amphibian Species – Taxonomy Amphibian Species Indexes & Databases – World
Amphibian Species Indexes & Databases – Canada & U.S.
Amphibian Anatomy Frog Anatomy Lessons with Text & Images
relationships between the organs in the frog. The game starts with an image of the nerves in the frog…” For more information see Amphibian Embryology Amphibian Embryology Lessons
Amphibian Cleavage; Amphibian Gastrulation; Amphibian Neurulation; Amphibian Glossary…” For more information see Bat Species, Anatomy, Nutrition, etc., Bat Species, Anatomy, Nutrition, etc., Lessons
They are primary predators of vast numbers of night-flying insects around the world, including many of our most costly crop and forest pests…” For more information see the Bat Sounds
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Cats – Feline
Cat Breeds Databases
as Miscellaneous. Our breed profiles below present a brief look at each breed’s history, characteristics and personality. The historical breed articles give an indepth and detailed look at the history of a breed…” For more information see
Cat Anatomy Lectures & Lessons
the copyright owner, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, from the Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy…” Examples of “Cat Anatomy” Lessons include
Lymphatic System of the Cat; Digestive System of the Cat; Musculoskeletal System of the Cat; Respiratory System of the Cat; Urogenital System of the Cat; etc…” For more information see
Each “bar” in the time-table stands for a certain event,…” For more information see
Related Centers for Feline Clinical Medicine FOR MORE CAT CLINICAL MEDICINE ATLASES, CASES, COURSES, DATABASES, JOURNALS, TEXTBOOKS, LESSONS, VIDEOS, ETC. SEE THE
Feline Behavior Guidelines; Feline Senior Care Guidelines; Feline Vaccination Guidelines; Zoonosis Guidelines; etc…” For more information see the
Hematology Bench (Manual) Percent Differential Reference Intervals; Coagulation Reference Intervals;
Glucose; BUN; Creatinine; Uric Acid; etc…” Venous Blood Gas and Electrolyte Reference Intervals include:
Immunology Reference Intervals include
Immunoglobulin Reference Intervals For more information see the
Zoonotic Transmission and Human Disease; The Public Health Problem; etc…” For more information see the
Biology of Feline Heartworm Infection; Pathophysiology of Feline Heartworm Disease; Physical Diagnosis; Diagnostic Testing; Treatment; Chemoprophylaxis; Additional Considerations for Adulticide Therapy…” For more information see the
are those that present as clinical emergencies. Time is of the essence. The decisions you take and the amount of time it takes to make them will mean the difference between life and death…” “…To assist you in the management of these cases you have at your disposal an armoury of diagnostic tests and facilities as well as a pharmacy and options for surgical intervention…” For more information see |
Crocodilian Species, Biology, Taxonomy, Breeding, Nutrition, etc.
research information on these incredible archosaurs…” For more information see
Crocodilian Species List
Distress Calls; Hatching Calls; Male Courtship Bellow; etc…”
Locomotion; etc…”
Crocodilian Captive Care Lessons include
Purchasing; Housing; Feeding; Handling; Health Care; etc…” |
Dog – Canine
Dog Breeds Databases
promoting the sport of purebred dogs and breeding for type and function. Founded in 1884,…” For more information see
Dog Health; Dog Behavior; etc…” For more information see
Breed Results Videos; Best of Breed Videos; Best of Group Videos; Best of Show Videos; etc…”
Canine Anatomy Lectures & Lessons
of the American Association of Veterinary Anatomists, students, and instructors both in the United States and internationally…” “…Virtual Canine Anatomy enhances the students’ dissection experience and helps them learn anatomy efficiently…” “…The program allows the luxury of self-paced, individualized learning…” For more information see
Lymphatic System of the Dog; Digestive System of the Dog; Musculoskeletal System of the Dog; Respiratory System of the Dog; Urogenital System of the Dog; etc…” For more information see Canine Planar Anatomy
Canine Brain Atlases
Rostral Commissure and Corpus Striatum; Optic Chiasm and Telencephalon; Habenular Nucleus and Piriform Lobe; Mamillary Nucleus and Piriform Lobe; Diencephalon and Mesencepahlon Junction; Oculomotor Nucleus and Red Nucleus; etc…” For more information see Canine Nervous System Lectures & Lessons
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands in the dog…” Examples of “Canine Autonomic Nervous Systems” Lectures include
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functions; etc…” For more information see
Each “bar” in the time-table stands for a certain event, if you move your mousepointer over a bar (don’t click), a string will be printed in the status bar of your window below and tells you what’s happening…” For more information see |
Related Centers for Clinical Clinical Medicine FOR MORE CLINICAL MEDICINE ATLASES, CASES, COURSES, DATABASES, JOURNALS, TEXTBOOKS, LESSONS, VIDEOS, ETC. SEE THE
Hematology Bench (Manual) Percent Differential Reference Intervals; Coagulation Reference Intervals;
Glucose; BUN; Creatinine; Uric Acid; etc…” Venous Blood Gas and Electrolyte Reference Intervals include:
Immunology Reference Intervals include
Immunoglobulin Reference Intervals For more information see the |
Zoonotic Transmission and Human Disease; The Public Health Problem; etc…” For more information see the
Primary Diagnostic Screening; Heartworm Chemoprophylaxis; Retesting; Other Diagnostic Aids; Preadulticide Evaluation; Adulticide Therapy; Surgical Extraction of Adult Heartworms; Additional Considerations for Adulticide Therapy; etc…” For more information see the
…This website is designed to provide information on these projects and serve as a resource for those concerned with canine diseases: breeders, owners, veterinarians, and researchers…” “…Several disease mutations have been identified for inherited diseases in some breeds. See the “DNA TESTS AVAILABLE” section of this website,…” For more information see the
in Labrador Retrievers globally since the 1970’s…” |
are those that present as clinical emergencies. Time is of the essence. The decisions you take and the amount of time it takes to make them will mean the difference between life and death…” “…To assist you in the management of these cases you have at your disposal an armoury of diagnostic tests and facilities as well as a pharmacy and options for surgical intervention…” For more information see |
Elephant Care Lessons, Publications, Technical Reports, Guidelines, Textbooks, Handbooks, Manuals
African Elephant Studbook & Asian Elephant Studbook; Elephant Care (Nutrition, Vitamin E Levels in Elephants, etc.); Elephant Health Care; Elephant Exhibit Design; etc…” For more information see
Normal Physiological Values for Elephants; Potential Treatments for Reproductive Problems in Elephants; Elephant Necropsy Protocol; etc…” For more information see
We provide direct care, information resources for care-givers, and support community-based initiatives to reduce deaths and injuries caused by human-elephant conflict…” For more information see
Elephant Clinical Medicine Textbooks
Elephant Behavior and Elephant Social Life; Elephant Nutrition; Elephant Physical Restraint and Elephant Handling; Elephant Surgery and Surgical Conditions; Elephant Antemortem Diagnostics; Elephant Neonatal Care and Elephant Hand Rearing; Elephant Respiratory System; Elephant Cardiovascular System; Elephant Nervous System; For more information see Lion Anatomy Lectures, Lessons, Publications, Technical Reports & Atlases Lion Brain Atlases
Lion Research Databases, Lessons, Publications & Technical Reports with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Second, to make our research findings available to the public…” Examples of Lion Research Articles include:
Captives in the Wild; A Comparative Analysis of Non-Offspring Nursing; Complex Cooperative Strategies in Group-Territorial African Lions; etc…” |
Nonhuman Primates
comparative anatomy…” Digitized versions of skeletons in 2-D and 3-D in full color include:
The Baboon Skeleton & The The Chimpanzee Skeleton…” Comparative Anatomy Taxon includes:
Marmoset; Lemur; Bushbaby; Slow Loris; Tarsier; Squirrel Monkey; etc…” For more information see
Gibbon; Chimpanzee; Orangutan…” Old World Monkeys
Guenon; Langur; Macaque; Mangabey; etc…” New World Monkeys
Spider Monkey; Goeldi’s Marmoset; Saki; etc…” Prosimians
Lemurs; etc…” For more information see
including morphology, ecology, behavior, and conservation with range maps, images, and an extensive glossary of terms to illustrate the text…” For more information see
Lateral Surface View; Medial Surface View; Dorsal Surface View; Ventral Surface View; etc…” For more information see the
rhesus brainstem in stereotaxic coordinates relative to the orbitomeatal plane. The zero of all three dimensions is at earbar 0 (eb 0), the midpoint of the interaural line. This version of the atlas includes new images of the previously published 19 coronal sections stained by Cresyl violet for Nissl substance as well as 53 intervening sections at 100 to 200 mu intervals…” For more information see the
of serial sections of monkey brains that is fully integrated with a high-speed database server for querying and retrieving data about primate brain structure…” Primate Brain Structure Atlas includes the following Nonhuman Primate Brain Structure Atlases
Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus Monkey, Crab-eating Macaque or the Long-tailed Macaque) Brain Structure Atlas; Chlorocebus aethiops (a type of African green monkey) Brain Structure Atlas; Callicebus moloch (The titis, or titi monkeys) Brain Structure Atlas…”
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Analgesics – Anti-inflammatories; Anesthesics – Sedatives; Antiparastic; Antifungal; Cardiovascular; Vitamins – Supplements; Emergency; etc…” Normal Values
Bolivian Squirrel Monkey Normal Values (Hematology & Serum Chemistry); Owl Monkey Normal Values (Hematology, Serum Chemistry & Urinalysis); Baboon Normal Values (Hematology & Serum Chemistry); Rhesus Normal Values (Hematology & Serum Chemistry); Cynomologus Normal Values (Hematology & Serum Chemistry)…” National B Virus Resource Center. For more information see the
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale; Intakes and Physical Growth Measurements; Weights and Temperament; Evaluation of Neonatal Reflexes And Reactivity; Anthropometrics of Infant Nonhuman Primates; Testing of Social Behavior; Testing of Visual Acuity; etc…” For more information see the
Energy; Carbohydrates and Fiber; Protein; Fats and Fatty Acids; Minerals; Vitamins; Water; Pathophysiologic and Life-Stage Considerations; Diet Formulation, Effects of Processing, Factors Affecting Intake, and Dietary Husbandry; Nutrient Requirements; Composition of Foods and Feed Ingredients; etc…” For more information see the
International Shipments; Primate Housing; Animal Care and Health; Breeding in Captivity; etc…” For more information see
Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates
Enrichment for New World Monkeys; For more information see
primates have a variety of mechanical, chemical and infectious hazards. With new developments in research technology, there is the potential for a variety of real and perceived unique hazards that could make the management of OHS in this type of workplace a challenging endeavor…” Examples of “Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates” Textbook Chapters include
Identifying Noninfectious Hazards; Risk Assessment: Evaluating Risks to Human Health and Safety; Occupational Health and Safety Regulations and Recommendations Applicable to Nonhuman-Primate Research Facilities; Risk Management: The Principles Underlying the Design and Implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety Plan; Postexposure Medical Treatment in Nonhuman-Primate Facilities; etc…” For more information see the
Chimpanzee Transport; Chimpanzee Nutrition; Chimpanzee Veterinary Care; Chimpanzee Reporduction; Chimpanzee Behavior Management; etc…” For more information see
Directed Investigatory; Pre-food; Post-food; General Alarm’ etc…” Plant Species Consumed by Cotton-top Tamarins; etc.
guidelines to loris managers, caretakers, and veterinarians. The information in this manual has been compiled from numerous articles, reports, and personal experiences by the authors and editors…” Examples of “Management of Lorises in Captivity” Manual Subject Categories include
Lorises Behavior; Lorises Reproduction; Lorises Infant Care; Lorises Nutrition; Lorises Helath; Habitat Design; etc…” For more information see the
Development, Reproduction and Birth Management; Infant Development; Veterinary Medical Management; Orangutan Genetic Diversity; Determination of Orangutan Subspecies using Genetic Techniques; Shipping and Transport; Facility Design; etc…” For more information see the |
Rabbit Anatomy, Dental Anatomy, etc.
so grow continually. Like rodents, rabbits may need their incisors trimmed if they are overgrown…” For more information see the Rabbit Care & Health
Rabbit Gastrointestinal Tract; Rabbit Head and Mouth; Rabbit Neurological Problems; Rabbit Urinary Tract; Rabbit Thorax (Respiratory/Cardiac); Rabbit Muscles and Rabbit Bones; Rabbit External and Internal Parasites; etc…” For more information see the Rabbit Commercial Production
other enclosures. They are distinguished from closely related animals existing in the natural or wild state. All breeds and varieties of domestic rabbits were developed from the European rabbit (Oxyctolagus cuniculus)…” Examples of “Rabbit Production” Subject Categories include
Commercial Rabbit Production; Rabbit Housing Plans; etc…” For more information see Reptile Species Databases Reptile Species, Taxonomy
all living reptiles by listing all species and their pertinent higher taxa. The database therefore covers all living snakes, lizards, turtles, amphisbaenians, tuataras, and crocodiles. It is supposed to be a source of taxonomic data, thus providing primarily (scientific) names, synonyms, distributions…” Repitle Database Species include
Lizards; Snakes; Crocodiles; Tuataras; Amphisbaenians…” Each Repitle Species Technical Report includes
Distribution; Habitat; Size; Nutrition; Behaviour; Reproduction; etc…” Turtle Species, Taxonomy
Our goal is to collect and provide current and historical data about turtle locations, and to help maintain the variety of turtles as part of the world’s biodiversity…” For more information see Reptile Anatomy Snake Anatomy Lessons
Reptile Clinical Medicine Clinical Toxinology
humans suffering from envenoming or poisoning by animals, plants or mushrooms…” Examples of “Clinical Toxinology” Subject Categories include
Spiders & Scorpions; Marine Life; Terrestrial Vertebrates; Terrestrial Invertebrates; Poisonous Plants; etc…” Clinical Toxinology Content for each Species includes
Distribution; Synomomy; Venom Research; Clinical Symptoms and Treatment; Clinical Case Summaries from Literature; First Aid; Antivenom & Antidotes Manufacturers and Suppliers; etc…” For more information see the
Iguana Clinical Medicine & Iguana Husbandry
Iguana Reproduction; Iguana Behavior; Iguana Care; Iguana Feeding; etc…” For more information see |
Rodent Clinical Medicine Rodent Surgery Guidelines
tail tissue collection in rodents for genetic analysis…” For more information see the Mice – Mouse Mouse Anatomy Atlases & Mouse Gene Expressions Spatial Databases
detailed histology. EMA includes the EMAP ontology of anatomical structure…” Mouse Atlas of Gene Expression (EMAGE)
the gene expression is mapped into the EMA 3-D space and can be queried spatially…” For more information see Mouse Brain Atlases
reference atlases for each of the seven developmental stages covered. This release brings the total available genes to 1,000….” For more information see the
“…an anatomical label volume ( 13 structures)based on the average brain, and anatomical label volumes ( 13 structures ) retrieved from the probability maps at threshold of 62.5%, 75%, 87.5% and 100% confidences estimated from the population used to construct the atlas (all structures here are smaller then the sizes of their corresponding average structures)…” For more information see
Rat Rat Anatomy Atlases
anatomy was generated using six male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 270-320 g. Their heads were frozen and closely spaced cryosectional images were digitally captured…” For more information see |
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