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MARTINDALE’S LANGUAGE & TRANSLATION CENTER LANGUAGES OF INDIA |
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Home Page ~
Language Center
South Asian Writing Systems
Ancient Scripts of India (Some Examples)
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Brahmi Script & Fonts ~ Kharosthi Script & Fonts ~
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Consonant-Vowel Combinations; Semivowel r; Easily Confused Characters; Words without Conjuncts; etc…” For more information see the
dynasty, (ca. 3rd-5th century AD) The Pallava script was based on the Brahmi script and consists of a matched set of symbols…” For more information see |
Angami Language – Angami Naga Language
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First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Angami Courses, Textbooks & Lessons
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Over Writing System: Latin Script
First Year Angami Courses, Lessons, etc.
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Assamese Language
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English <> Assamese Dictionaries ~
First Year & Intermediate Assamese Courses & Lessons
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Official Language of the State of Assam, India. Spoken in the States of Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal & Meghalaya, India. Also spoken in the Kingdom of Bhutan & Bangladesh. Over Writing System: Bengali Script
Assamese Vowels & Matras
Assamese Grammatical Category; English Meaning; Assamese Pronunciation; etc…” Assamese Antonyms; For more information see
“…The language has a number of juktakhars which are combination of consonants…” For more information see
Illustrations of Contrasts (Oral Vowels, Nasalized Vowels, Diphthongs, Nasalized Diphthongs & Consonant Phonemes)…” For more information see |
Badaga Language
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Writing System:
First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Badaga Courses, Textbooks & Lessons
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Bengali Language – Bengla Language
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One of 22 Offical Languages of India. Official Language of the State of West Bangal, India. One of the most Spoken Languages (Fifth or Sixth) in the World. Over Over Over Over “300” Million Speakers Worldwide. Writing System: Bengali Script
For more information see
and Bengali Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages. For more information see
First Column: Bengali Word in Bold Type. Second Column: Class of Word or Grammatical or Morphological Information; Third Column: Transliteration from Bengali to Devnagri; Fourth Column: Bengali Equivalents; Fifth Column: Hindi Equivalents; Sixth Column: English Equivalents…” For more information see the
Roman Alphabets. In order to display the non-roman characters a Unicode font must be installed…” For more information see
This dictionary primarily uses the Bengali alphabet. In order to display the non-roman characters a Unicode font must be installed…” For more information see Bangla Dictionary
Bangla Dictionary with Keyboard
Assamese alphabet, is the fifth most widely used writing system in the world. The script is used for other languages like Maithili, Meithei and Bishnupriya Manipuri, and has historically been used to write Sanskrit within Bengal….” For more information see
Basic Bengali Lessons with Text, Images & Audio/Sound
First Year Bangla Courses & Lessons with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Asking for Directions Video Lessons; Using the Telephone Video Lessons; Finding a Restroom Video Lessons; Eating Out Video Lessons; Lodging Video Lessons; Food Shopping Video Lessons; Banks and Money Video Lessons; Post Office Video Lessons; Traveling by Train Video Lessons; Taking a Taxi Video Lessons; etc…” For more information see
First Year Bengali Courses with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
matter where they reside and for however many years they have been away from West Bengal (India) or Bangladesh, the two places where it is spoken as a native language…” For more information see First Year Bengali Vocabulary Lessons with Text, Images & Audio/Sound
For more information see
Intermediate & Advanced Bengali Grammar Textbooks
The Mutation of the Letters; Bengali Pronouns Bengali Verbs; Bengali Auxiliary Verbs; Bengali Interrogative & Negative Sentences; Bengali Conjunctions; Bengali Cases; Bengali Syntax; Bengali Colloquial Forms; etc…”
Bengali Nouns; Bengali Adjectives; Bengali Pronouns; Bengali Verbs; Bengali Dervative Words; etc…”
Bengali Literature
Atin Bandyopadhyay; Bani Basu; Suchitra Bhattacharya; Sanjeev Chattopadhyay; Mahasveta Devi; Sunil Gangopadhyay; etc…” For more information see Bengali Poetry
Bengali Music
some adjoining areas of Assam, in the east of South Asia…” “…The collection stands at present at approximately 180 hours of songs and interviews from about 97 sessions, and it is sorted here by performer/ composer, form and place names, with descriptions of…” For more information see |
Bhili Language – Bhilodi Language
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Writing System: First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Bhili Courses, Textbooks & Lessons
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Over Writing System: Devanagari Script & Gujarati Script
Devanagari Fonts
Bhili Courses, Lessons & Textbooks
For more information see
Palatal Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Retrofles Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Dental Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Labial Consonants Video & Audio Lessons…” For more information see Bhili Grammar Courses & Textbooks
Bhili Nouns; Bhili Adjectives; Bhili Numberals; Bhili Pronouns; Bhili Verbs; Bhili Compound Verbs; Bhili Adverbs; Bhili Prepositions; Bhili Interjections; etc…” |
Bhojpuri Language
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Writing Sytstem:
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Also Spoken in the Mauritius & Napal. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script & Kaithi Script
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Bodo Language – Boro Language
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Bodo/Boro Writing System: First Year Bodo/Boro Courses & Lessons
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One of Two Official Languages of the State of Assam, India. Spoken in the States of West Bengal & Meghalaya, India. Also Spoken in Nepal. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script, Bengali/Assamese Script & Latin Script
Devanagari Alphabet & Writing Lessons
For more information see
Palatal Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Retrofles Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Dental Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Labial Consonants Video & Audio Lessons…” For more information see Boro Grammar Courses & Lessons
Boro Tenses; Boro Cases And Case Inflections; Boro Morphological Variation; etc…” For more information see
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Bondo Language
Remo Language, Remosam Language
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Writing System: English <> Bondo Dictionary (English <> Remo Dictionary)
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Darma Language – Darmiya Language
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Intermediate & Advanced Darma Courses & Lessons
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Over Also Spoken in Nepal. Writing System:
Darma Phoetics: An Acoustic Analysis of the Sounds of Darma; Darma Noun Phrases – Words and Structure; Darma Pronouns; Darma Adjectives and Adjective Modifiers; Darma Verb Morphology and Clause Constituents; etc…” For more information see |
Dogri Language
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Writing System: First Year Dogri Courses & Lessons
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One of Three Official Languages of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script; Arabic Script (Nastaliq Style – Nastaʿlīq Style); & Orginally written in the Takri Script
Dogri Variation (Dialectical, Argot, etc.); Dogri Script & Spelling; Dogri Literature (Oral & Written); Linguistic Expression of Culture; etc…” For more information see
Consonants; Vowel Clusters in Dogri; Consonant Clusters; Stress; Tone; etc. Dogri Morphology;
Gender in Dogri Nouns; All other Masculine Nouns; Feminine Nouns; Pronouns; Relative Pronouns; Adjectives; Cardinals; Formation of Simple Verbs; Tense; Voice; etc. Dorgi Syntax
Internal Structure of the Sentence; Adjective Phrase; Verb Phrase; Advergial Phrase; etc. Dogri Lexicon; etc…” For more information see |
Galo Language
Galo Adi Language – Gallong Language
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Intermediate & Advanced Galo Courses & Lessons
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Great Andamanese Language
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Great Andamanese <> English Dictionaries First Year Great Andamanese Courses, Lessons, Songs, etc.
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Spoken on the Andaman Islands, Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Over “5” (VOGA: Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese) Speakers in India.
Lexicon of the Great Andamanese Language – Andamanese-English index; Andamanese-English-Hindi Demo; Hindi-Andamanese-English Demo; etc…” For more information see
Audio Songs of the Great Andamanese; Place names used by the Great Andamanese; etc…” |
Gujarati Language
One of Three Official Languages of the State of Gujarat, India. One of Two Official Languages of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, India. One of Four Official Languages of the Union Territory of Daman & Diu, India Also Spoken in the States of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Rajasthan, India. Also Spoken in Bangladesh, Botswana, Fiji, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, etc. Over Over Over “50” Million Speakers Worldwide. Writing System: Gujarati Script
For more information see
Gujarati Language can explore various Dictionaries, Thesaurus, Antonyms and Idioms simply at the click of computer mouse…” For more information see
and Gujarati Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages. For more information see
Gujarati Consonants; Gujarati Vowel Extensions; Gujarati Digits…” For more information see
Gujarati Phonology; Gujarati Preliminary Lesson; Gujarati Readings; Gujarati Grammar
Gujarati Verbs; Gujarati Adverbs; Gujarati Pronouns; etc. Gujarati Vocabulary; For more information see
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Hindi Language – हिंदी
Official Language of the State of Himachal Pradesh, India. One of Two Official Languages of the State of Chhattisgarh, India. One of Three Official Languages of the Union Territory of Chandigarh, India. One of Four Official Languages of the State of Bihar, India. One of Six Official Languages of the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Also spoken in over “40” Countries. Over Over Over Writing System: Devanagari Script
English <> Hindi Dictionary
word. This lexicon also provides the grammatical, morphological and semantic attributes of the Hindi word…” For more information see
Hindi to English Dictionary; Subject Wise Listing – English to Hindi; Alphabetical Listing – English to Hindi…”
English <> Hindi – Hindi to other Languages – Word, Text & Website Translation
English <> Hindi – Word, Text & Website Translation हिन्दी <> अंग्रेजी – शब्द, पाठ और वेबसाइट अनुवाद and Hindi Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages For more information see English <> Hindi and Hindi to other Languages
Bengali <> English <> Hindi Dictionary (Trilingual Dictionary Volume I, II & III); Chinese <> Hindi Dictionary; Czech <> Hindi Dictionary; French <> Hindi Dictionary; Nepali <> Hindi Dictionary; Russian <> Hindi Dictionary; Spanish <> Hindi Dictionary; Telugu <> Hindi Dictionary. For more information see the
Kannada <> Hindi Dictionary; Telugu <> Hindi Dictionary; Punjabi <> Hindi Dictionary; Calita Bengali <> Hindi Dictionary; Dishi Bengali <> Hindi Dictionary…” For more information see
For more information see
For more information see the
traverse down noun hierarchies from very high in a tree (such as all the hyponyms of animals)…” For more information see
For more information see
Hindi Speech Synthesizer – Hindi Speech Synthesis; and other Languages Text to Speech Demo’s…” For more information see
Hindi Speech Synthesizer – Hindi Speech Synthesis; and other Languages Text to Speech Demo’s…” For more information see
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Urdu-Hindi, Sanskrit, Prakrit, etc.
Palatal Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Retrofles Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Dental Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Labial Consonants Video & Audio Lessons…” For more information see
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First Year Hindi Courses with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Hindi Grammar Video Lecture; Hindi Vocabulary with Video Stroking Techniques & Audio Pronunciation for each word; Hindi Punctation; Hindi Culture Notes; Hindi Exercises; etc…” Hindi Lesson 6: Taxila
Hindi Grammar (Dative Case, Special dative forms, Dative constructions, etc.); Hindi Vocabulary; Hindi Exercises; etc…” Hindi Lesson 10: Jaipur
Hindi Vocabulary; Hindi Grammar (Plural for Respect, Animate Direct Objects, etc.); Hindi Exercises; etc…” For more information see
Hindi Video Lecture Lessons
For more information see
For more information see First Year Hindi Lessons Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Religious & Cultural Traditions Videos; Society, Health, & Environment Videos; Everyday Life Videos; Places Videos; etc…” For more information see First Year Hindi Lessons Text, Images & Audio/Sound
Hindi Grammar Lesson 4 (Verb Structure + Concord; Verb: hona; Regular Conjugational Patterns; etc.); etc…” Hindi Stories: Examples from over “35” Beginners, Intermediate & Advanced Hindi Stories include
The Soldier and the Old Lady; The Bird and the Parrot; The Bird and the Parrot; The Rhythm of the Street; Darbaan; etc…” For more information see
how they can be used in context, and drill some of them…” For more information see
conversations about groups of words of related meaning. Concentrating on selected mainstream words and phrases, we help you…” For more information see First Year Hindi Lessons Text & Images
First Year Hindi Grammar & Hindi Verb Conjugator
Intermediate & Advanced Hindi Courses & Lessons with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Structure (Hindi Grammar), Discourse (Sevices that Bind Texts, Hindi Conversations, etc.)…” Proficiency Levels include
First Year Hindi Lessons (1+) includes over “29” Hindi Listening Lessons & Hindi Reading Lessons. Intermediate Hindi Lessons (2) includes over “97” Hindi Listening Lessons & Hindi Reading Lessons. Intermediate Hindi Lessons (2+) includes over “47” Hindi Listening Lessons & Hindi Reading Lessons. Advanced Hindi Lessons (3) includes over “1” Hindi Listening Lessons & Hindi Reading Lessons. For more information see the
conversations about groups of words of related meaning. Concentrating on selected mainstream words and phrases, we help you…” For more information see
at the composite ancestry of these sister languages in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and English. The main section of the book consists of a series of sample passages in Urdu and Hindi; each passage represents a stage i n the development of the language and has some aspect of language itself as its primary focus…” For more information see
Intermediate & Advanced Hindi Grammar Lessons, Verb Conjugator, Language Analyzer, Morphological Analyzer, etc.
at the morphological level and cumulates at results of POS tagger and chunker. The final ouput combines the results of all these levels and shows them in a single representation (called Shakti Standard Format)…” For more information see
For more information see
For more information see
Contemporary poetry starting from the beginning of the 20 the century; Gems from new and budding poets; A selection of poetic pearls…” |
Hindustani Language – Hindi-Urdu Language
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English <> Hindustani Dictionaries & Hindustani Dictionaries
Intermediate & Advanced Hindustani Hindustani Literature, Poetry & Verses
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of northwest India” ( Ethnologue, SIL International) Unknown Number of Speakers in India & Pakistan. Writing System: Perso-Arabic Script (Nastaliq Style – Nastaʿlīq Style), Devanagari Script & Kaithi Script.
For more information see
A Dictionary of Hindustani and English, Author: W. Yates, 1847; A Dictionary Hindustani And English, Author: Forbes Duncan, Publisher: Wm.H. Allen and Company, 1866; A New English Hindustani Dictionary, Author: S.W. Fallon, Publisher: Rai Sahib m. Gulab Singh and Sons, 1913; Fallons New English Hindustani Dictionary, Author: S.W. Fallon, Publisher: Rai Sahib m. Gulab Singh and Sons; Hindustani Dictionary, Author: J.T. Platts, Published by W.H. Allen & Co., London, 1881; etc…”
Intermediate & Advanced Hindustani Grammar Textbooks
Simplified Grammar Of Hindustani Persian And Arabic, Author: Palmer, Publisher: Smith, Elder and Co., 1861…”
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Ho Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download
Ho to English Dictionary
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Kachari Language – Cachari Language
Dimasa Language
Dimasa Kachari Language – Hills Kachar Language
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Writing System: Bengali Script, Latin Script
Kachari Grammar Lessons (Pages 1-29) include
Kachari Adjectives; Kachari Interrogative Pronouns & Reflective Pronouns; Kachari Present Tense; Kachari Conjugation of Verbs; Kachari Adverbs; Kachari Phrases & Sentences; etc…”
Kachari Grammar Textbooks
Hills Kachari compared with Kachari Spoken in the Plains…” Kachari (Bara) Grammar Chapter includes
Kachari Consonants; Kachari Nouns; Kachari Adjectives; Kachari Verbs; Kachari Adverbs; Kachari Phrases; Kachari Reading Lessons; etc…” |
Kannada Language
Spoken in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu, India. Over Over Writing System: Kannada Script
KANNADA SCRIPT FONTS – South Asian Language Resource Center, University of Chicago Multimedia Recommended Kannada Script Fonts for Download (Text & Images). For more information see Available Language Fonts; Fonts; Resources or the South Asian Language Resource Center
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
Basic Kannada Lessons
For more information see
First Year & Intermediate Vocabulary Courses, Lessons, etc.
For more information see First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Kannada Grammar Textbooks
Kannada Adverbs; Kannada Pronouns; Kannada Adjectives; Kannada Numerals; Kannada Syntax; etc…”
Kannada Word Classification (Kanarese Classification); The First Declension; The Secon Declension; Kannada Nouns (Kanarese Nouns); Kannada Verbs (Kanarese Verbs); Kannada Pronouns (Kanarese Pronouns); Kannada Relative Participles (Kanarese Relative Participles); Kannada Sandhi, Kanarse Vowel Sandhi; etc…”
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Kashmiri Language
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Writing System:
English <> Kashmiri Dictionaries ~
Kashmiri Literature, Poetry, Songs, Lyrics, etc.
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Also spoken in Pakistan. Over Over Writing System: Kashmiri Perso-Arabic Script, Kashmiri Devanagari Script, Sharada Script & Latin Script URDU SCRIPT FONTS – KASHMIRI PERSO-ARABIC SCRIPT FONTS – South Asian Language Resource Center, University of Chicago Multimedia Recommended Urdu Script Fonts – Kashmiri Perso-Arabic Script Fonts for Download (Text & Images). For more information see Available Language Fonts; Fonts; Resources or the South Asian Language Resource Center
For more information see
in the Valley of Kashmir and surrounding areas. The language area covers approximately 10,000 square miles in the Jammu and Kashmir State…” Examples from “50” Chapters from An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri Course include
Mid-Front, Unrounded Vowels; Mid-Back, Rounded Vowels; etc..” Consonants
Contrast between palatal and non-palatal consonant sounds; Kashmiri Functional Conversation Chapters (1-31)
Chapter 17: A conversation on Kashmir; Chapter 29: On visiting tulmul (khi:rbhava:ni) temple; etc…” Kashmiri Narrative Texts Chapters (32-45); For more information see
Combination of Anusvara with Vowels and Symbols; Consonants in Nagari-Kashmiri; Difference in Pronunciation of words using Vowels; etc…” Examples from Section 2: Words and Sentences Lessons include
Identifying Vowels & Symbols Assorted; Practice in Reading; etc…” Examples from Section 3: Translation Vocabulary Lessons include
For more information see
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Kharia Language
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Writing System: Kharia <> English Dictionaries
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Spoken in the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Also spoken in Nepal. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script & Latin Script
“KHARIA TO ENGLISH” – A KHARIA-ENGLISH LEXICON – John Peterson (Universität Leipzig), Published by: Himalayan Linguistics Archive 5. (2009) i-vx, 1-212; eScholarship, University of California Multimedia Kharia to English – “A Kharia-English Lexicon” – PDF, 227 Pages (Text & Images). “A Kharia-English Lexicon”
study as well as many which occurred in conversations with native speakers…” For more information see |
Kokborok Language – Kok Borok Language
Tripuri Language – Kokbarak Language
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English <> Kokborok Dictionary First Year Kokborok Courses & Lessons
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Spoken in the State of Assam, India. Also Spoken in Bangladesh. Over Writing System: Bengali Script & Latin Script
First Year Kokborok Courses & Lessons
Examples from over “27” Kokborok Lessons include
Kokborok sentence formation; Uses of Verbs in Negative Sense form; Kokborok Parts of Body Words; Counting method in Kokborok…” For more information see |
Konkani Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download
Basic Konkani Lessons
First Year Konkani Courses, Lessons, etc.
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One of Two Official Languages of the State of Goa, India. Spoken along the North & Central Coast of the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka & Kerala, India. Spoken along the North & Central Coast of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, India. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script
Basic Konkani Lessons with Text & Images
Konkani Phrases; etc…” For more information see
For more information see
Phonetic Details and Phoneme Distribution; Formation of Palatalized Consonants; Phonological Rules and Alternations; etc…” For more information see |
Kurukh Language
Kurux Language – Kurukh/Oraon Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Kurukh Courses, Textbooks & Lessons
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Over Writing System: Devanagari Script
First Year Kurukh Courses & Lessons
Kurukh Relationship Phrases; Kurukh Idiometic Phrases; Kurukh Numerals, Ordinals, Cardinals; Kurukh Masculine & Feminine Nouns; Kurukh Most Common Adjectives; etc…” For more information see |
Lushai Language – Mizo Language
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English <> Lushai Dictionary – English <> Mizo Dictionary
First Year Lushai (Mizo) Courses, Lessons, etc.
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Spoken in the States of Assam & Tripura, India. Spoken in Bangladesh & Myanmar (Burma). Over Writing System: Latin Script
For more information see |
Magahi Language – Magadhi Language
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Writing System:
First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Magahi Courses, Lessons, etc.
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Maithili Language
One of Four Official Languages of the State of Bihar, India. Spoken in Union Territory of Delhi (National Capital Territory of Delhi), India. Also spoken in Nepal. Over Over Writing System:
Mithilakshar Script (also known as Tirhuta Script & Maithila Script), & Kaithi Script.
For more information see the
For more information see the
Ouput (Results) in: Devanagari Maithili, Mithilakshara Maithili, International Phonetic Maithili, English (Phonetic-Roman/Roman), Grammatical Aspects, etc…” For more information see the
First Year Mailthili Courses, Lessons, etc.
Maithili Structure; Maithili Variation; Maithili Script & Spelling; etc…” For more information see First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Maithili Grammar Textbooks
Maithili Noun and Noun Phrase; Maithili Pronouns; Maithili Adjectives, Modifiers, Determiners, and Numerals; Maithili Verbs and the Verb Phrase; Maithili Adverbs, Postpositions, Clitics, etc.; Maithili Sentence Types; The Syntax and Semantics of Simple and Complex Sentences; etc…” |
Malayalam Language
One of Two Official Languages of the State of Kerala, India. One of Three Official Languages of the Union Territory of the Lakshadweep Islands, India. One of Four Official Languages of the Union Territory of Puducherry (Pondicherry), India. Also spoken in Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia (Peninsular), Qatar, Singapore, etc. Over Over Writing System: Malayalam Script & Arabi Malayalam Script
For more information see
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
Malayalam Questions; Malayalam Reason or Cause; Malayalam Pronouns; etc…”
For more information see
A University Course and Reference Grammar…” For more information see
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Manipuri Language
Meiteilon Language – Meitei Language
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Writing System:
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Official Language of the State of Manipur, India. Spoken in the States of Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, India. Also spoken in Bangladesh & Myanmar (Burma). Over Writing System: Meitei Mayek Script & Bengali Script
Manipuri Alphabet (Meitei Alphabet, Meiteilon Alphabet)
Manipuri Grammar
of a given language. Languages which have written representations do not use a haphazard manner of storing the information within the system, but use a coherent pattern which is similar to the linguistic grammar of a given language…” For more information see |
Marathi Language
Official Language of the State of Maharashtra, India. One of Four Official Languages of the Union Territory of Daman and Diu, India. One of Two Official Languages of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, India. Spoken in the States of Goa, Madhya Pradesh & Karnataka, India. Also spoken in the U.S., Israel & Mauritius. Over Over Writing System: Devanagari Script
For more information see
For more information see
conventional Marathi dictionary. It gives different relations between synsets or synonym sets which represent unique concepts…” For more information see
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Urdu-Hindi, Sanskrit & Prakrit
Palatal Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Retrofles Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Dental Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Labial Consonants Video & Audio Lessons…” For more information see
For more information see
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
First Year Marathi Course, Lessons, etc.
For more information see Intermediate & Advanced Marathi Grammar Textbooks
Marathi Adjectives; Marathi Pronouns; Marathi Verbs; The Auxilary Marathi Verbs; Marathi Compound Verbs; Marathi Particles; The Origin and Composition of Marathi; The Principles of Marathi Derivatives; The Permjutation of Letters; Rules of Concordance; Marathi Pronouns; The Uses of the Tenses; etc…” Intermediate & Advanced Marathi Grammar Courses
Marathi Morphological Analyser
For more information see
Marathi Literature & Poetry
Marathi Songs
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Mundari Language
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Writing System:
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Spoken in the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Also spoken in Bangladesh & Nepal. Over Writing System: Bengali Script, Devanagari Script, Latin Script & Oriya Script
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Nyishi Language
Nisi Language – Nissi Language – Dafla Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download English <> Bengali <> Nyishi Dictionary (Nisi Dictionary) First Year Nyishi (Nisi) Courses & Lessons
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Oriya Language
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Writing System: English to Oriya Word, Phrase & Text Translation
First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Oriya
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Official Language of the State of Odisha (Formerly Orissa), India. Spoken in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand & West Bengal, India. Also spoken in the U.S. & Bangladesh. Over Over Writing System: Oriya Script
For more information see
First Year & Intermediate Oriya Grammar Textbooks
Oriya Consonants; Oriya Etymology; Oriya Pronouns; Oriya Verbs; Oriya Nouns; Oriya Adjectives; Oriya Indeclinable Words; Permutation of Letters; etc…” |
Pali Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download English <> Pali Language Dictionaries
First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Pali Courses & Lessons
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Number of Speakers of Pali: Unknown. Writing System: Brahmi Script, Kharosthi Script, Devanagari Script, Sinhala Script & Thai Script.
about 160,000 citations from the Buddhist scriptures and other early works, and gives brief etymologies. Entirely in Latin script…” “…The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English dictionary has many accented characters. In order to display these uncommon roman characters with diacritics a Unicode font must be installed…” For more information see
Pali Glossary (Pali-English-Chinese); For more information see the
Pali Grammatical Terms; Elementary Pali Course; Practical Grammar of the Pali Language; etc…” For more information see the
texts of Theravaada Buddhism…” For more information see the |
Punjabi Language – Panjabi Language
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EASTERN PUNJABI LANGUAGE, EASTERN PANJABI LANGUAGE MIRPUR PUNJABI LANGUAGE, MIRPUR PANJABI LANGUAGE
One of 22 Offical Languages of India. Official Language of the State of Punjab, India. One of Two Official Languages of the State of Haryana, India. Over Over Over Writing System:
Eastern Punjabi (India) Writing System: Gurmukhi Script & Devanagari Script
“…Includes an online Keyboard…” For more information see the
For more information see
For more information see
First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Punjabi Courses with Text, Images, Animations & Audio/Sound
complete and accurate way to represent Punjabi sounds. Unlike Roman script, the Gurmukhi script follows a ‘one sound-one symbol’ principle…” “…The Gurmukhi script has forty one letters including thirty eight consonants and three basic vowel sign bearers. There are ten clear vowel signs and three auxiliary signs. The most striking characteristic of the Gurmukhi script, in comparison with Roman, is that, with the exception of five, all letters are joined by a line across the top…” First Year Punjabi Course includes
Punjabi Alaphabet “Animations of Punjabi Consonants” (Learn How to Write Punjabi); Punjabi Numbers Lessons; Punjabi Words Lessons; Punjabi Vocabulary Lessons;
Punjabi Stories
For more information see the
Structure (Punjabi Grammar), Discourse (Sevices that Bind Texts, Punjabi Conversations, etc.)…” Proficiency Levels include
First Year Punjabi Lessons (1+) includes over “14” Punjabi Listening Lessons & Punjabi Reading Lessons. Intermediate Punjabi Lessons (2) includes over “38” Punjabi Listening Lessons & Punjabi Reading Lessons. Intermediate Punjabi Lessons (2+) includes over “17” Punjabi Listening Lessons & Punjabi Reading Lessons. Advanced Punjabi Lessons (3) includes over “1” Punjabi Listening Lessons & Punjabi Reading Lessons. For more information see the Punjabi Grammar Checker
of grammatical errors, resulting from the lack of agreement, order of words in various phrases etc., in literary style Punjabi texts…” For more information see Punjabi Morphological Analyzer & Generator
and basic tools for building any language processing application for a natural language. Morphological analysis means to study the internal structure of the words of a language…” For more information see
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Rajasthani Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download English <> Rajasthani Dictionary First Year Rajasthani Courses & Lessons
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Also spoken in the U.S. & Pakistan. Over Over Writing System: Devanagari Script
First Year Rajasthani Lessons
For more information see |
Sanskrit Language & Ancient Sanskrit Language
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One of 22 Offical Languages of India. One of Two Official Languages of the State of Uttarakhand, India. Over Writing System: Devanagari Script, Sharada Script, Sinhala Script, Kharoshthi Script, Brahmi Script, Grantha Script, etc.
search below or the familiar transliterated input method using the Harvard Kyoto scheme…” For more information see
For more information see
modern lexicographic techniques in quite the same way as Panini has done to generative linguistics…” Online Multilingual Amarakosha can be Searched by
Alphabet Search; Search by Class…” Online Multilingual Amarakosha Output includes the following Languages
Oriya; Assamese; Maithili & Kannada…” For more information see
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Urdu-Hindi, Sanskrit & Prakrit
Palatal Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Retrofles Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Dental Consonants Video & Audio Lessons; Labial Consonants Video & Audio Lessons…” For more information see
For more information see
Sanskrit Keyboards
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see Devanagari Keyboards
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
First Year Sanskrit Lessons with Text & Images
Sanskrit Writing; etc…” Secondary Sanskrit Lessons
Sanskrit Grammar. Animated Sanskrit Stories; etc. For more information see First Year & Intermediate Sanskrit Courses with Text, Images & Audio/Sound
the student a reasonably good introduction to the language. The student will be able to frame sentences relating to daily activities in life and thus will gain enough confidence to converse in Sanskrit…” Examples of First Year Sanskrit Course Lessons include
Gutturals; Palatals; Cerebrals; Dentals; Labials; Consonant Vowel combinations; Conjunct characters; Writing methods for Conjuncts; etc…” Lessons 3: Sanskrit Conversation in a Family
Sanskrit Words & Phrases for the Afternoon; Sanskrit Basic Grammar; Sanskrit Formation of Sentences; etc…” Lesson 6: Creation of the Universe
Lesson 9: Introduction to the Cases or Declensions of a Noun
Ablative case; Possessive case; Locative case; etc…” For more information see
24 Sanskrit Lessons; Sanskrit Declensions & Conjugations
Sanskrit Conjugations: Present Indicative, Imperative, Perfect, Aorist, Optative, etc. Readings in Sanskrit Texts
Sanskrit Abbreviations…” For more information see the
refers to Classical Sanskrit, which is a later, fixed form that follows rules laid down by a grammarian around 400 BC. Like Latin in the Middle Ages, Classical Sanskrit was a scholarly lingua franca which had to be studied and mastered. Ancient Sanskrit was very different. It was a natural, vernacular language, and has come down to us in a remarkable and extensive body of poetry…” Ancient Sanskrit Course
Ancient Sanskrit Reading and Textual Analysis Lessons; For more information see the
Sanskrit Alphabet; Sanskrit Pronunciation; How to write in Sanskrit; Sanskrit Conjuncts; Sanskrit Cardinals; Sanskrit Aphorisms, Declension of Nouns & Adjectives Ending in Vowels; Sanskrit Primary & Secondary Affixes; Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir; Sanskrit Scriptures, Sanskrit Stories; Sanskrit Phrases; etc…”
24 Sanskrit Lessons; Sanskrit Declensions & Conjugations
Sanskrit Conjugations: Present Indicative, Imperative, Perfect, Aorist, Optative, etc. Readings in Sanskrit Texts
Sanskrit Abbreviations…” For more information see the
Sanskrit Sandhi Recognizer and Analyzer; Sanskrit Subanta Analyzer; Sanskrit Verb Analyzer; Sanskrit Kridanta Analyzer; Sanskrit POS Tagger; Sanskrit Karaka Analysis; Gender Recognizer and Analyzer for Sanjna Pada (GRASP); Great Andamanese Verb Analyzer; Sanskrit verb-form generation; Sanskrit Subanta Generator; etc…” For more information see the Sanskrit Literature with Text & Images
Sanskrit Literature & Poetry with Text, Images & Audio/Sound
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Santali Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download First Year Santali Courses & Lessons
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Spoken in the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Odisha (Formerly Orissa), Tripura & West Bengal, India. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Bhutan & Nepal. Over Writing System: Ol Chiki Script, Bengali Script, Devanagari Script & Oriya Script.
Ol Chiki Script – Ol Chiki Letters – Santali Language Alphabet
Santali Grammar Lessons
Basic Structure of Simple Sentences;
Naming of the Tenses; Classification and Use of Base Forms of Verbs; etc. Simple Sentences with More Complex Auuxiliary Verbs; For more information see |
Saurashtra Language
Saurashtra/Saurash Language – Sourashtra Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download English <> Saurashtra – English <> Sourashtra
First Year Saurashtra (Sourashtra) Courses, Lessons, etc.
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Also Spoken in the States of Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka, India Over Writing System: Saurashtra (Sourashtra) Script, Devanagari Script. Tamil Script & Telugu Script
First Year Saurashtra (Sourashtra) Courses, Lessons, etc.
For more information see |
Shom Pen Language
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English <> Shom Pen Dictionary
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Over “300” Speakers in India (The Shompen People, by George Weber). Writing System: Latin Script.
the principal island in the Nicobar chain west of Burma and north of Sumatra…” For more information see |
Sora Language – Savara Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download
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Tamil Language
Official Language of the State of Tamil Nadu, India. One of Four Official Languages of the Union Territory of Puducherry (Pondicherry), India. One of Two Offical Languages of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. One of Four Offical Languages of the Republic of Singapore. Also spoken in the U.S., Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Mauritius, Qatar, Thailand, etc. Over Over Over Over Over Writing System: Tamil Script
English <> Tamil – Word, Text & Website Translation and Tamil Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages For more information see
For more information see
& Tamil Audio Pronunciation…” For more information see
Tamil Aksharas are written…” For more information see
between the written form of the language and the spoken form. These differences include grammatical differences, vocabulary differences, and pronunciation differences…” First & Second Year Tamil Course
Tamil Grammar includes “24” Lessons including
Tamil Words and their Pronunciation includes “6” Lessons For more information see the
For more information see Tamil Grammar
Tamil Vocabulary
For more information see
Intermediate & Advanced Tamil Courses & Lessons with Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound
Folk Tales for Reading Comprehension; Modern Short Stories for Reading Comprehension; etc…” Advanced Tamil Lessons include
Radio Plays; Tamil Songs & Movie Clips; etc…” For more information see Intermediate & Advanced Tamil Grammar Textbooks
Sandhi; etc. The Nominal System
The Case System; Postpositions; etc. The Tamil Verb Phrase; Intermediate & Advanced Tamil Grammar Courses
Tamil Nasal Consonants; Tamil Glides; etc. The Nominal System;
Tamil Finite Verbs; Tamil Transitivity and Verb Classes; Tamil Verba Aspect; Negatives; Verbalizers and Compound Verbs; etc. Tamil Pronouns and Pro-forms; For more information see
free electronic editions of ancient tamil literary classics…”
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Telugu Language
One of Two Official Languages of the State of Andhra Pradesh, India. One of Four Official Languages of the Union Territory of Puducherry (Pondicherry), India. One of Five Official Languages of the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Spoken in the States of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Odisha (Formerly Orissa), India. Also spoken in Bahrain, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, South Africa, etc. Over Over Writing System: Telugu Script
For more information see
Reddy’s English <> Telugu Dictionary (1978); A Galletti Di Cadilhac’s English <> Telugu Dictionary (1991); A Galletti Di Cadilhac’s English <> Telugu Dictionary (1935); etc…” For more information see the
Sri Kappa Ganthula Satyanarayana’s Hindi <> Telugu Dictionary; etc…” For more information see the
and Telugu Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages. For more information see
For more information see
and other Languages Text to Speech Demo’s…” For more information see
For more information see
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
Telugu Forms of Personal Pronouns; Telugu Possessive Pronouns; Telugu Descriptive and Qualitative Adjectives; The Dative Case, and “Kaawaali”; Telugu Nominative of Possessive Forms; etc…” For more information see the
For more information see
For more information see
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Toda Language
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Writing System: Fonts for Download
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Over NOT listed in the Writing System: Tamil Script
First Year & Intermediate Toda Courses, Lessons, etc.
Toda Vocabulary Audio Lessons (Words & Phrases)
For more information see Intermediate & Advanced Toda Courses, Textbook, Lessons, etc.
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Tulu Language
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Writing System: First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Tulu Courses, Textbooks & Lessons
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Over Writing System: Tulu Script & Kannada Script
First Year & Intermediate Tulu Grammar Textbooks
Tulu Pronunciation; Formation of Tulu Words; Tulu Parts of Speech; Tulu Adjectives; etc…” |
Urdu Language
One of 22 Offical Languages of India. One of Two Official Languages of the State of Andhra Pradesh, India One of Four Official Languages of the State of Bihar, India One of Three Official Languages of the State of Delhi, India One of Three Official Languages of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, India One of Two Official Languages of the State of Uttar Pradesh, India Spoken in the Indian State of Uttarakhand, India. Also spoken in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Guyana, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Thailand, etc. Over Over Over Over Writing System: Arabic Script (Nastaliq Style – Nastaʿlīq Style).
and Urdu Word, Text & Website Translation to over “63” other Languages. For more information see
For more information see
For more information see
on-screen in a virtual Semi-Real keyboard. It also allows you to simply type in a different language without messing with the operating system settings…” For more information see
First Year Urdu Courses
Urdu Word Stress; Urdu Intonation…” Urdu Script (Script 1 thru 8);
Urdu Script 2: Syllable-Type: Optional consonant, Long Vowel, followed by a Consonant; etc…” Urdu Grammar; For more information see
Translation with Pronunciation in English…” Review Sentenses with Exercises. For more information see First Year Urdu Lessons
Asking for Directions Video Lessons; Using the Telephone Video Lessons; Finding a Restroom Video Lessons; Eating Out Video Lessons; Lodging Video Lessons; Food Shopping Video Lessons; Banks and Money Video Lessons; Post Office Video Lessons; Traveling by Train Video Lessons; Taking a Taxi Video Lessons; etc…” For more information see
For more information see
Intermediate & Advanced Urdu Courses & Lessons with Text, Images & Audio/Sound
Structure (Urdu Grammar), Discourse (Sevices that Bind Texts, Urdu Conversations, etc.)…” Proficiency Levels include
First Year Urdu Lessons (1+) includes over “18” Urdu Listening Lessons & Urdu Reading Lessons. Intermediate Urdu Lessons (2) includes over “7” Urdu Listening Lessons & Urdu Reading Lessons. Intermediate Urdu Lessons (2+) includes over “2” Urdu Listening Lessons & Urdu Reading Lessons. Advanced Urdu Lessons (3) includes over “1” Urdu Listening Lessons & Urdu Reading Lessons. For more information see the Intermediate & Advanced Urdu Prose & Poetry Textbooks
Urdu Prose. A text for the student with a basic knowledge of the Urdu Language…” For more information see
Stories by Premchand; etc…”
The Masnavi of Mir Hasan – Officially named “Sahr ul-bayan,”; A Marsiyah of Mir Anis; Nazir Ahmad’s Best-sellers – by Maulvi Nazir Ahmad; Ab-e hayat – by Muhammad Husain Azad; Kafan (The Shroud) – by Premchand; etc….” |
Examples of Languages
of Central India & North-Eastern India
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Examples of Languages of Central India Examples of Languages of North East India
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LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL INDIA (EXAMPLES) – Language Information Service (LIS) – India, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of HRD, Government of India, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India Multimedia Languages of Central India Language Modules (Text & Images). Note: Number of Speakers listed below from the Language Census of India – Government of India Examples of Languages of Central India Language Modules include
Kharia (Over “230,000” Speakers), Korku (Over “574,000” Speakers), Kom (Over “14,000” Speakers), Kumauni (Over “2” Million Speakers), Lahnda (Over “92,000” Speakers), Rabha (Over “160,000” Speakers), Thadou, Wancho (Over “49,000” Speakers), etc…” For more information see
Apatani Language (Over “28,000” Speakers – Listed under Nissi/Dafla), Bori Language, Chakesang Language, Chokri Language (Over “83,000” Speakers – Listed under Chakru/Chokri), Dimasa Language (Over “110,000” Speakers), Garo Language (Over “880,000” Speakers), Hmar Language (Over “83,000” Speakers), Karbi Language (Over “415,000” Speakers – Listed under Karbi/Mikir), Khamti Language, Khasi Language (Over “1.1” Million Speakers), Koch Language (Over “30,000” Speakers), Kuki Language (Over “50,000” Speakers), Liangmei Language (Over “34,000” Speakers), Miji Language, Mishmi Language (Over “33,000” Speakers), Monpa Language (Over “55,000” Speakers), Nocte Language (Over “30,000” Speakers), Phakial Language, Phom Language (Over “120,000” Speakers), Rabha (Over “160,000” Speakers), Rengma (Over “60,000” Speakers), Riang Language, Sangtam (Over “80,000” Speakers), Tangkhul Language (Over “140,000” Speakers), Tangsa Language (Over “40,000” Speakers), Zeliang Language (Over “60,000” Speakers), etc…” For more information see |
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