MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER CHEMISTRY CENTER CHEMISTRY: M-O (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, and where Applicable includes: Courses, Manuals, Handbooks, Simulations, Animations, Videos, etc.)

US/Pacific: Saturday, October 11, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Sunday, October 12, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,585" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "3,450" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

CHEMISTRY: M-O (Course, Lectures, Databases, Animations, Simulations, Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, 3D Modeling, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound, etc.) Materials Hardness ~ Medicinal Chemistry Microfluidics Microscopy, Autofluorescence, Fluorescence Microscopy, Stereomicroscopy, Photomicrography, Confocal Microscopy Transmission, Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Nanomicroscopy, etc. Mineral Chemistry ~ Molecular Anions Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, Exact Mass, Molarity, Elemental Composition, Isotope Ratios, etc. Molecular & Atomic Weight ~ Molecular Structure ~ NMR & MRI Nanotechnology ~ Nondestructive Testing ~ Nuclear Chemistry ~ Opacity Computations Organic Chemistry ~ Organometallic Chemistry Chemistry Center Calculators On-Line Center

Materials Hardness MATERIAL HARDNESS GUIDES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ROCKWELL HARDNESS OF METALLIC MATERIALS - Author: S.R. Low, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials Guide - PDF, 118 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials "...The intention of this Guide is to explain the causes of variability in Rockwell hardness test results and to supplement the information given in test method standards with good practice recommendations. ..." Examples of Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials Chapters & Subchapters include Chapter 2: Rockwell Hardness Test "...Significance of the test; Rockwell indentation test principle; Rockwell hardness scales; etc..." Chapter 3: Test Procedure; Chapter 4: Test Block Standards; Chapters 7: Reducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and Errors; etc..." Chapter 8: Traceability, Error, and Uncertainty; etc. For more information see NIST Recommended Practice Guides: The "How To Measure" Book Series or the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory MATERIAL HARDNESS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BRINELL, KNOOP, MOHS, ROCKWELL, SHORE SCLEROSCOPE, TENSILE STRENGTH & VICKERS ROCKWELL HARDNESS CONVERSION CALCUATOR - Brown Metals Rockwell Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Material Type (Austenitic & Non-Austenitic); Hardness Scale (15T; 30T; 15N; 30N)..." For more information see Brown Metals BRINELL'S HARDNESS CALCULATOR - Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE), Arizona State University VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Carbon; IN-VSEE Modules; Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE) Examples of other Hardness Calculators include Knoop Hardness Calculator Knoop Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...P (Kilograms); I (mm)..." Vickers Hardness Calculator Vickers Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...P (Kilograms); d1 (mm)..." HARDNESS TEST CALCULATORS - eFunda, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Hardness Calculators include: "...Vickers Hardness Calculator; Various Brinell Hardness Calculator; Knoop Hardness Calculator; Mohs Hardness Calculator; Rockwell Hardness Calculators; etc..." For more information see Calculators or Engineering Fundamentals HARDNESS TESTING CALCULATORS - G. England, Independent Metallurgist and Consultant to the Thermal Spray Coating Industry, Surrey, England VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Thermal Spray Coatings Some examples of Hardness Testing Calculators include Rockwell Superficial Hardness Calculator Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone (N scale) or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a preliminary minor load..." Brinell Hardness Calculator Brinell Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. For softer materials the load can be reduced to..." Microhardness Calculator Microhardness Test Method "...usually refers to static indentations made with loads not exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is either the Vickers diamond pyramid or the Knoop elongated diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers hardness test, except..." Medicinal Chemistry MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR OVER 300 DRUG, DRUG DOSAGE, DRUG ADMINISTRATION, ETC. CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE MEDICAL CALCULATORS: DRUG/PHARMACOLOGY CALCULATORS FOR CASES, COURSES, JOURNALS & DATABASES SEE THE PHARMACY, PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY CENTER FOR DRUG & MEDICINE DATABASES SEE THE PHARMACY, PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY CENTER: PRESCRIPTION, OTC, VITAMIN, HERBAL & MEDICINAL PLANTS MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. ANALYTICAL MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (FLASH) - Longqin Hu, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Multimedia Analytical Medicinal Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Analytical Medicinal Chemistry Course Lectures include "...API Optimization, Source Design, and Other Considerations of LC/MS; Applications of LC/MS in Qualitative Drug Metabolite Studies; Adducts & Clusters formed in LC/MS; PhotoSpray; Quadrupoles vs. Ion Traps; Quadrupole Ion-Trap Mass Analyzer; Stages of LTQ MS/MS Analysis; TSQ Quantum Technology Demonstration; etc..." For more information see Longqin Hu's Home Page; Department of Medicinal Chemistry or the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (412) - Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Multimedia Medicinal Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Medicinal Chemistry Course Chapters include "... Chapter 2: Cell Wall Biosynthesis; Chapter 4: Penicillins; Chapter 6: Cephalosporins; Chapter 10: Sulfonamides; Chapter 12: Nitrofurans; Chapter 16: Macrolides; Chapter 17: Lincomycins; Chapter 20: Antimycobacterial Agents; Chapter 21: Antifungal Agents; etc..." For more information see Medicinal Chemistry Courses; Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Medicinal Chemistry or the College of Pharmacy MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY FOR PHARMACY AND NURSE ANESTHESIA STUDENTS - U.R. Desai, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University Multimedia Medicinal Chemistry Course, Lectures & Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Medicinal Chemistry for Pharmacy and Nurse Anesthesia Students Home Page; Umesh R Desai's Home Page; Department of Medicinal Chemistry or the School of Pharmacy Some examples of Medicinal Chemistry Lectures include MEDC532: Anticoagulants MEDC603-604: Antihyperlipidemic Agents - Anti-hyperlipidemic Agents MEDC603-604: Androgenic Agents - Androgens MEDC603-604: Cardiac Glycosides MEDC603-604: Oral Hypoglycemic Agents MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY APPLETS - E.P. Stevens, Department of Chemistry, Davidson College VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Medicinal Chemistry Calculators "...The medicinal chemistry exercises provide a means for students to learn pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in a convenient fashion. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics consist of ideas and relationships that are best illustrated through graphs. Unfortunately, dynamic interaction with graphical information is difficult or impossible with textbooks alone. The med chem exercises are meant to allow a student to immediately see the graphical effect of changing an equation parameter. In most cases, multiple examples may be viewed at once for side-by-side comparisons..." For more information see Erland P. Stevens Home Page Some examples from over "7" Medicinal Chemistry Calculators & Applets include Cp vs time (IV bolus) Calculator Cp vs time (IV bolus) Calculator "...plots data for up to three different drugs with arbitrary initial concentrations and t1/2 values. ..." Cp vs time (Oral) Calculator Cp vs time (Oral) Calculator "...calculates the Cp of an orally-delivered drug using a single-compartment model..." Lineweaver-Burk Calculator Lineweaver-Burk Calcultor "...plots 1/V vs 1/[S] data for up to three compounds/situations..." BASIC PRICIPLES OF DOSE OPTIMIZATION - PHA 5127 - ON-LINE PHARMACOLOKINETIC SIMULATIONS - Developed by N. Phillips: Course Instructor: G. Hochhaus, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, University of Florida Multimedia Dose Optimization Course & Dose Optimization Cases (Text, Images & Animations). For more information see Basic Principles of Dose Optimization I; Courses; Department of Pharmaceutics; College of Pharmacy or the Health Science Center Some examples from over '8' Dose Optimization Calculators include One Compartment Model: IV Bolus Single Dose Calculator One Compartment Model: Oral Single Dose with Absorption Calculator One Compartment Model: Multiple Dosing with Absorption Calculator Microfluidics MICROFLUIDICS COURSES, LECTURES, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. MICROFLUIDICS - Jens Ducrée, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Multimedia Microfluidics Course & Technical Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Microfluidics" Course Subject Categories & Subcategories include Fluids "...Characteristics; Thermodynamics; Solutions; Electrical Properties; Optical Properties; etc..." Hydrodynamics "...Navier-Stokes Equation; Laminar & Turbulent Flow; Fluidic Networks; Interfacial Surface Tension; Electrokinetics; etc..." Fabrication Technologies; Flow Control; Pumping Techniques; Ink-Jet Technology; Microreactors; Analytical Chips; Particle-Laden Fluids; etc. DIGITAL MICROFLUIDICS (QUICKTIME) - R.B. Fair, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Multimedia Digital Microfluidics Video Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Digital Microfluidics "...is an alternative paradigm for lab-on-a-chip systems based upon micromanipulation of discrete droplets. Microfluidic processing is performed on unit-sized packets of fluid which are transported, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed in a discrete manner using a..." For more information see Richard B. Fair's Home Page; Research Centers or the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering MICROFLUIDICS - Stanford Microfludics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering & the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University Multimedia Microfluidics Technical Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Microfluidics" Subject Categories include "...Electrophoretic preconcentration for enhanced sensitivity and resolution; General work on optimizing on-chip electrokinetic flows and electrophoresis; Fuell Cells; Nanochannel Electrokinetic Flows and Assays; Micromixing and Electrokinetic Instabilities; Particle Tracking and Flow Diagnostics; Micropumps and Cooling; etc..." For more information see the s Stanford Microfludics Laboratory MICROFLUIDICS LABCHIP - Caliper Life Sciences Multimedia Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip "...technology represents a revolution in laboratory experimentation, bringing the benefits of miniaturization, integration and automation to many research-based industries. Microfluidic chips are the key components of..." For more information see Caliper Technologies LAB-ON-A-CHIP - Agilent Technologies Multimedia Lab-on-a-Chip (Text & Images). Lab-on-a-Chip "...enables sample handling, mixing, dilution, electrophoresis and chromatographic separation, staining and detection on single integrated systems. The main advantages of Lab-on-a-Chip are ease-of-use, speed of analysis, low sample and reagent consumption and high reproducibility due to standardization and automation..." Lab-on-a-Chip includes: "...Bioanalyzers; HPLC-Chip/MS System; Analysis of small RNA molecules (including miRNA); DNA analysis by on-chip electrophoresis; On-chip flow cytometry; etc..." For more information see Chemical Analysis Products or Agilent Technologies

Microscopy

Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Stereomicroscopy, Photomicrography, Confocal Microscopy, etc. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) ~ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Nanomicroscopy ~ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) & Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Microscopy Tools Scale Bar ~ Fixatives & Buffers ~ Tissue Dieletric Properties

Microscopy MICROSCOPY TEACHING MODULES, LECTURES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. MICROANALYSIS TEACHING MODULES, LECTURES CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MICROSCOPYU (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Nikon MicroscopyU, Nikon Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. MicrosopyU is "...designed to provide an educational forum for all aspects of optical microscopy, digital imaging, and photomicrography..." Microscopy Subject Categories include: Basic Concepts and Formulas in Microscopy "...Conjugate Planes in Optical Microscopy; Depth of Field and Depth of Focus; Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture; Working Distance and Parfocal Length; etc..." Microscope Optical Systems "...Infinity Optical Systems; Properties of Microscope Objectives; etc..." Principles of Phase Contrast Microscopy "...Specimen Contrast in Optical Microscopy; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Interaction of Light Waves with Phase Specimens; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast "...Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; etc..." Concepts in Fluorescence Microscopy "...Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins; Fundamentals and Applications in Multiphoton Microscopy; Fluorescence Filter Noise Terminator; etc..." Introduction to Live-Cell Imaging Techniques "...Maintaining Live Cells on the Microscope Stage; Cell Motility; Optical System and Detector Requirements for Live-Cell Imaging; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy; Introduction to Confocal Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Nikon USA Some examples from over "150" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets include: "...Tube Lens Focal Length; Immersion Oil and Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture Light Cones; Geometrical Construction of Ray Diagrams; Perfect Lens Characteristics; etc..." Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Phase Contrast Microscope Alignment; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Phase Plate Configuration Effects on Specimen Contrast; Specimen Optical Path Length Variations; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets include: "...Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; Comparison of Phase Contrast and DIC Microscopy; Wavefront Relationships in Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Focus and Alignment of Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps; Matching Fluorescent Probes with Fluorescence Filter Blocks; Choosing Fluorescent Proteins for Dual Labeling Experiments; Balancing Arc-Discharge Lamp Excitation Illumination; Stereomicroscopy Fluorescence; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; Toroidal Mirrors; SMZ-1500 Stereoscopic Microscope; SMZ-1500 Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; etc..." OPTICAL MICROSCOPY FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Olympus America, Inc. Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Optical Microscopy is "...designed to provide an Internet-based educational forum on all aspects of optical microscopy, photomicrography, and digital imaging..." Examples of Microscopy Subject Categories include: Anatomy of the Microscope "...Simple Magnification; Numerical Aperture; Condenser Aperture Diaphragm; Condenser Light Cones; Alignment of the Lamp Filament; etc..." Light and Color "...Optical Diffraction; Electromagnetic Radiation; Jablonski Diagram; Brewster's Angle; Concave Mirrors; Convex Mirrors; Refraction of Light; etc..." Specialized Techniques "...Optical Gradients in Phase Objects; Optical Path Difference; Rheinberg Illumination; Cardioid Condensers; etc..." For more information see Olympus Corporation Some examples from over "150" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets include: "...Electromagnetic Radiation; Sources of Visible Light; Fluorescence; Speed of Light; Reflection of Light; Refraction of Light; Diffraction of Light; etc..." Photomicrography Calculators & Applets Photomicrography Calculators & Applets include: Exposure and Color Balance; Didymium Filters; Filter Classes; Photomask Reticle Operation; Exposure Metering; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Practical Aspects of Fluorescence Filter Combinations; Optimization and Troubleshooting; Electronic Imaging Detectors; Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy; Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy; etc..." Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Spectral Bleed-Through Artifacts in Confocal Microscopy; Choosing Fluorophore Combinations for Confocal Microscopy; etc..." Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy; Phase Contrast Microscopy; Reflected Light Confocal Microscopy; etc..." MICROSCOPY (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - M.W. Davidson, Florida State University Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Virtual Microscopy explores "...specimen focus, illumination intensity, magnification, and translation---operating essentially in a manner that is identical to real-life microscopes..." For more information see Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics & Microscopy Some examples from over "100" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...The Concept of Magnification; Introduction to Lenses and Geometrical Optics; Microscope Optical Components; Microscope Illumination; Image Brightness; etc..." Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: Concepts in Digital Imaging Technology; Basic Properties of Digital Images; Introduction to Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs); Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors; etc..." Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets include: "...Darkfield Microscopy; Differential Interference Contrast; Oblique or Anaxial Illumination; Phase Contrast; Deconvolution in Optical Microscopy; Live-Cell Imaging; Confocal Microscopy; etc..."

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. Basic Introduction to Scanning Probe Microscopy Teaching Modules VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE (FLASH & QUICKTIME) - Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Multimedia Basic Microscopy Video Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Virtual Microscope Some examples of Basic Microscopy Video Teaching Modules include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Basics Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Video Teaching Module "...basics of SEM microscopy, and illustrates how our SEM captures the data you can see on our data page..." Scanning Probe Microscopy Basics Scanning Probe Microscopy Video Teaching Module includes "...Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM); Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Tapping Force Microscopy (TM-AFM); Magnetic Force Microscopy; Electric Force Microscophy (EFM); Frictional Force Microscopy; Near Field Optical Microscopy (NSOM)..." Preparing a Sample for the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Preparing a Sample for the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Video "...walks through the procedures used to prepare samples for electron imaging, including: placement on an SEM stub, sputter coating,..." Scanning Probe Microscopy Courses, Lectures, Guides, etc. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SPM: SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY - Veeco Instruments Multimedia Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy - PDF, 30 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. A Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy "...This guide was written to help you learn about SPMs, a process that should begin with a thorough understanding of the basics. Issues covered in this guide range from fundamental physics of SPMs to practical capabilities and instrumentation. Examples of applications are included throughout..." Examples of "A Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy" Sections & Chapters include "...How an SPM Works The Probe; The Scanner; The Z Feedback Loop; etc. Primary AFM Imaging Modes Tapping Mode AFM; Contact AFM; Non-contact AFM; etc. Secondary AFM Imaging Modes; Lateral Force Microscopy; Phase Imaging; Magnetic Force Microscopy; Conductive AFM; Tunneling AFM (TUNA); Electric Force Microscopy; Surface Potential Imaging; Force Modulation Imaging; Scanning Capacitance Microscopy; Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM); Scanning Thermal Microscopy; etc. Non-Imaging Modes; The Scanner; Probes; etc..." For more information see Library Resources; Library Resources or Veeco Instruments ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. Atomic Force Microscopy Courses, Lectures, etc. PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY - Polymer Nanostructures Lab, Polymer Science & Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Penn State University Multimedia Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy Course Lectures include "... A Practical Guide to AFM (ThermoMicroscopes); Probing nano-scale Forces with AFM; Proximal Probe Technology; AFM probing Intermolecular forces; Lifshitz-van der Waals Interactions; Scanning Techniques for SPM; Tapping AFM; Lateral Force AFM; Tip Artefacts and Image Convolution; etc..." For more information see Polymer Nanostructures Lab ATOMIC FORCE MICROSOPY: A GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING AND USING THE AFM - Galloway Group Multimedia Atomic Force Microscopy Manual (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Atomic Force Microscopy: A Guide to Understanding and Using the AFM Chapters include "...How it works and why we do it?; Theory and History; Getting Started Step by Step; Hardware; Software; etc..." For more information see Manuals; Anup K. Bandyopadhyay's Home Page Atomic Force Microscopy Calculators, Simulations, Videos, etc. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY VIDEOS: MICROMACHINING (QUICKTIME) - C.F. Quate, The Quate Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University Multimedia Atomic Force Microscopy Videos: Micromachining (Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Click on Videos. Micromachining: Atomic Force Microscope Videos include: "...Fly-by Over 2mmX2mm AFM Image Video; Increasing the Throughput of the Atomic Force Microscope Video; High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy Video; Integrated Actuator (for force feedback) AFM Cantilever Demonstration Video; etc..." For more information see Quate Group; Department of Electrical Engineering or the School of Engineering APPLETS FOR THE THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF SPM (SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY) - IN-VSEE: Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education, Center for Solid State Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the IN-VSEE: Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education or the Center for Solid State Science Some examples of Scanning Probe Microscopy - Atomic Force Microscopy Calculators include Elastic Modulus, Spring Constant, and Resonant Frequency of a Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Force; Young's Modulus; Thickness, Width; Length; Material Density;..." Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever Calculator OUPUT values include: "...Deflection; Max-Deflection; Spring Constant; Resonant Frequency..." The Tunneling Current of AFM Tunneling Current of AFM - Tunneling Current for STM Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Distance; Bias Voltage; Workfunction..." FORCE SPECTROSCOPY AND TAPPING MODE PROGRAM - CALCULATOR - Nanomechanics: Spectroscopy and Imaging, Institut de Génie Atomique (IGA), Department of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Force Spectroscopy & Tapping Mode Calculator "...is a numerical simulation of an atomic force microscope in tapping or in force spectroscopy mode. The model used to to understand and simulate the interactions between the cantilever tip and the sample is presented hereafter..." Force Spectroscopy & Tapping Mode Calculator input valules include: "...Numerical parameter; Cantilever base excitation parameters; Cantilever quality and tip-sample interaction parameters; Type of tip; Type of surface force; Capillary interaction parameters; van der Waals interaction parameter; Capillary interaction parameters; etc..." For more information see Models or Nanomechanics: Spectroscopy and Imaging SUBMICROMETER AND NANOMETER TECHNOLOGY VIDEOS (QUICKTIME) - George Barbastathis, Karl Berggren, Henry Smith, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, & the MIT OpenCourseWare, MIT Multimedia Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology Videos (Text, Images & Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology Videos include: "...SEM Inspection Video; SEM Sample Preparation Video; SEM Sample Mounting Video; Surface Profilometer Video; Atomic Force Microscope Video; etc..." For more information see Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Courses or the MIT OpenCourseWare NANOMICROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NANOMICROSCOPY FIELD CALCULATOR - P. Fraundorf, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri, St. Louis VERY EXTENSIVE. Nanomicroscopy Field Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Magnification; A Scale-bar or Region of Width; The Power Spectrum of a Region; A Print of the Power Spectrum is; etc..." For more information see Phil Fraundorf's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, ETC. INTRODUCTION TO SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY (STM): CHAPTER I - C. Julian Chen, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York & Published by Oxford University Press, 2008 Multimedia Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Textbook: Chapter 1 - PDF, 26 Pages (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see C. Julian Chen's Home Page or the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY (STM) - Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik (FKP), University of Erlangen, Germany Multimedia Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Animations). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Subject Categories & Subcategories include "...Theory Electron Tunneling; Bardeen Approach; Lateral Resolution; etc. Modes of Operation; Technical Aspects; etc..." For more information see Tutorials or the Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik (FKP)

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. TEM COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. SEM COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscopy Subject Categories include: "...Preparation Techniques; Sectioning; Fixative Formulary; Buffer Formulary; Stain Formulary; Protocols: Chemical Fixation; Physical Fixation; etc.; Introduction to the Transmission Electron Microscope; Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis; Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; Stereological Analysis; etc..." For more information see the Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory Some examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include Vacuum Systems Examples of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Subjects include "...Rotary pump; Oil diffusion pump; Turbo-molecular; etc..." Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Examples of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Subjects include "...Electron interactions; Characteristic x-rays; X-ray detection; Energy-dispersive x-ray detectors; Energy-dispersive x-ray electronics; etc..." Some examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Calculators include Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator (Effects of Accelerating Voltage) Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Accelerating Voltage..." Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator output values include: "...Newtonian, Einsteinian & Difference for: Velocity of Electrons; Mass of Electrons; Energy of Electrons; Momentum of Electrons; Wavelength (deBroglie Equation) of Electrons; and Resolution (Abbe's Equation).." Stereology Error Calculator Stereology Error Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Calculate Points Needed with known Standard Error and VV; Calculate Standart Error with known PT & VV..." Calculate Fixatives and Buffers for Three Fixatives Three Fixatives Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Fixative #1, #2 & #3 enter: Concentration of fixative stock; Concentration of buffer stock; Fixative required; Amount of solution needed..." TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - Materials Teaching Educational Resources (MATTER) Project, Material Science & Engineering, Department of Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images, Java Applets & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscopy "...is a set of resources designed to accompany an introductory course on transmission electron microscopy. The level is appropriate for students with an understanding of some elementary physics..." Examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include: "...Electron Scattering; Electron Atom Interactions; X-ray and Auger; Gun Simulation; Diffraction at an Aperture; Electromagnetic Lenses; Thin Lens Optics; Condensing Optics; Double Condenser Lens; Beam Convergence; Objective Aperture; Projector Lens; Condenser Astigmatism; Astigmatism; Kikuchi Lines; etc..." For more information see the MATTER Project Some examples from over "25" Transmission Electron Microscopy Applets with Teaching Modules include X-ray and Auger Electron Emission Applet Simulation of the Thermionic Electron Gun Applet Thin Lens Optics Applet Scanning/Tilting Alignment Applet

TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - R.C. Wagner, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Delaware Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy (B617) "...is a graduate level laboratory course...Students obtain hands-on experience in preparation of tissue samples for Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy, recording of images by microscopy and..." Examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Lectures include: "...Preparation of Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Ultrastructural Cytochemistry; Freeze-Fracture and Etching; Ultramicrotomy and Staining of Thin Sections; Tracers and Labels for Transmission EM; Morphometric Techniques; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Negative Staining and Shadow Casting; Three-Dimensional Reconstruction; Preparation of Tissues for Scanning Electron Microscopy; Corrosion Casting High Resolution Radioautography; Cryofixation; Analytical Electron Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Roger C. Wagner's Home Page; Roger Wagner's Computer Art in the Biological World or the Department of Biological Sciences Examples from over "18" Transmission Electron Microscopy Lectures include Preparation of Tissue Samples for TEM Stereomicroscopy Freeze Fracture and Etching ADVANCED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMAGING: LIGHT MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM); CRYOSECTIONING; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY ETC. - Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA Multimedia Advanced Electron Microscopy Lectures (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) "...The TEM is an evacuated metal cylinder (the column) about 2 meters high with the source of illumination, a tungsten filament (the cathode), at the top. If the filament is heated and a high voltage (the accelerating voltage) of between 40,000 to 100,000 volts is passed between it and the anode, the filament will emit electrons. These negatively charged electrons are accelerated to..." Advanced Electron Microscopy Chapters include: Introduction "...Light Microscope; Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); EM Visualization Techniques..." Methods Negative Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Embedding in Epoxy Resins..." Immunocytochemistry Antibody Labeling; Embedding in Resins for Immunocytochemistry; Freeze substitution; Cryosectioning; Preparation of Colloidal Gold Probes; etc..." Protocols for Light Microscopy Specimen Preparation "...Immunolabeling for Light Microscopy; Mounting Medium for Immunofluorescence Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging; Research Departments or the House Ear Institute Some examples from over "15" Advanced Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include Negative Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy Introduction to Immunocytochemistry Immunocytochemistry

MICROSCOPY TOOLS: CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Scale Bar Calculator SCALE BAR CALCULATOR - L. Frolovou, Complex of Biomedical Institutes, Krc Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic Scale Bar Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Magnification..." For more information see Lenku Frolovou's Home Page or the Complex of Biomedical Institutes SCALE BAR CALCULATOR - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Scale Bar Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Magnification..." For more information see the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Fixatives Calculators & Buffer Calculators FOR MORE BUFFER CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE BUFFERS CALCULATE FIXATIVES AND BUFFERS FOR ONE FIXATIVE, TWO FIXATIVE & THREE FIXATIVE - Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma One Fixative Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Concentration of fixative stock; Concentration of buffer stock; Fixative required; Amount of solution needed..." For more information see Principles and Techniques of Transmission Electron Microscopy or the Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory BIOLOGICAL BUFFER CALCULATOR - Sigma-Aldrich VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Biological Buffer Calculator includes "...ACES; ADA; Ammonim Tartrate; AMP; AMPD; BES; BES Sodium Salts; BIS-TRIS; Boric Acid; CABS; CAPSO; Citric Acid; DIPSO; DIPSO Sodium Salts; Ethanolamne; Glycolic Acid; HPEBS; HEPES; IMDAZOLE; etc..." For more information see Biological Buffers or Sigma-Aldrich Tissue Dieletric Properties Calculator TISSUE DIELETRIC PROPERTIES - CALCULATOR - Michael R. Davis, Office of Engineering and Technology (OET), Federal Communications Commission (FCC) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Tissue Dieletric Properties Calculator "...The tissue parameters provided here are derived from the 4-Cole-Cole Analysis in "Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies"..." Tissue Dieletric Properties Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Frequency..." Tissue Dieletric Properties Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Epslon & Sigma values for: Bladder; Blood; Bone; Cartilage; Cornea; Dura; Fat; Gall Bladder; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Ovaries; Skin; Speen; Uterus; etc..." For more information see Office of Engineering and Technology (OET)

Mineral Chemistry, Analysis & Formula MINERAL CHEMISTRY FOR MINERALS, MINERALS IN THIN SECTION, MINERAL SPECTROSCOPY, MINERAL STRUCTURE DATABASES & ATLASES SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER: MINERALOGY Molecular Anions MOLECULAR ANIONS COURSES & TEXTBOOKS MOLECULAR ANIONS - J. Simons, Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Multimedia Molecular Anions Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Molecular Anions Textbook Chapters include "...Introduction to Molecular Anions; Anions Also Present Special Challenges to Theoretical Study; Chemically Conventional Anions; Multipole-Bound Anions; Multiply Charged Anions; Cluster Anions; etc..." For more information see Jack Simons Home Page or the Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, Exact Mass, Elemental Composition, Isotope Ratios, etc. MOLECULAR MASS, EXACT MASS, ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS CALCULATORS & APPLETS CHEMCALC (JAVA APPLET) - ChemExper sprl, Belgium VERY EXTENSIVE. CHEMCALC Calculator "...calculates the Molecular Formula, Molecular Mass, Exact Mass, Elemental Analysis and Plots the Isotopic Distribution Graph... For more information see ChemExper MOLAR MASS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLARITY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLARITY CALCULATOR: CREATE AND DILUTE MOLAR SOLUTIONS - H. Motulsky, GraphPad Software, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Molarity Calculators include: "...Mass from Volume & Concentration Calculator; Volume from Mass & Concentration Calculator; Molarity from Mass & Volume Calculator; Dilute a Stock Solution Calculator..." For more information see Chemical and Radiochemical Calculators; GraphPad QuickCalcs or GraphPad Software MOLAR MASS AND PERCENT BY MASS CALCULATOR - D. Wookcock, Department of Chemistry, Okanagan University College, B.C., Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Molar Mass Calculator and Percent by Mass Calculator "...Putting in a molecular formula of any type such as K2Cr2O7, CH3CH2COOH, KFe[Fe(CN)6]3, or Na2B4O7.10H20 will result in the molar mass and mass analyses being calculated..." For more information see Dave Woodcock's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MOLAR MASS CALCULATOR - First Year Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Molar Mass Calculator "...Enter a chemical formula of a compound (e.g. H2O) to calculate molar mass and elemental composition..." For more information see Chemical Calculators; First Year Chemistry or the School of Chemistry MOLAR MASS CALCULATOR - V. Vanovschi Molar Mass Calculator "...Enter a chemical formula of a compound (e.g. H2SO4) to calculate molar mass and elemental composition..." For more information see Vitalii Vanovschi's Home Page or MOLECULAR MASS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WELCOME TO THE FORMULA TO MASS TO FORMULA APPLET PAGE - G. Cottenceau, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Medicine and Technology, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Examples of the Application of Java to Chemistry CHEMIE.DE MOLECULAR MASS CALCULATOR - Chemie.DE Information Service GmbH, a Life Science Network Division VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Mass Calculator lets "...you calculate the mass of a molecule..." For more information see Chemie DE CALCULATE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION FROM A GIVEN MOLECULAR MASS ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION CALCULATOR - J.A. McCloskey, P.F. Crain, & J. Rozenski, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Elemental Composition Calculator "...Calculates elemental compositions from a given molecular mass..." For more information see the Nucleic Acids Masspec Toolbox or the Huntsman Cancer Institute CALCULATE MOLECULAR MASS & ISOTOPE RATIOS FROM ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS MO1E - MOLECULAR MASS CALCULATOR - J.A. McCloskey, P.F. Crain, & J. Rozenski, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Mass Calculator "...Calculates molecular masses and isotope ratios from elemental compositions..." For more information see the Nucleic Acids Masspec Toolbox or the Huntsman Cancer Institute Molecular & Atomic Weight MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATOMIC WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM A HRMS WEIGHT CALCULATORS & APPLETS FIND MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM A HRMS WEIGHT (JAVA APPLET) - J.M. Goodman, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Formula from a HRMS Weight Calculator "...can be interrupted part way through, and the elements which have been fully investigated will be listed. The elements are searched in order of probable occurence, beginning the C, H, O then N. If chemical check is highlighted, then the search will exclude molecules which should not exist as single molecules..." For more information see Magnus: Chemical Calculations in Java; Tools; Goodman Group; Jonathan M. Goodman's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATION (JAVA APPLET) - J.M. Goodman, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Input Molecular Formula..." Molecular Weight Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...HRMS Weight; Molecular Weight; Element Percentage; Standardised Molecular Formula; Molecular Ion Isotope Pattern..." For more information see Magnus: Chemical Calculations in Java; Tools; Goodman Group; Jonathan M. Goodman's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - ChemicalLogic Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Input Molecular Formula..." Molecular Weight Calculator ouput values include: "...Molecular Weight..." For more information see ChemicalLogic Corporation MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATION - Institut für Chemie (Institute of Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Input Molecular Formula..." Molecular Weight Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Molecular Weight; Physical Molecular Weight; Elemental Analysis; Double Bond Equivalents..." For more information see the Institute of Chemistry (English Version) or Institut für Chemie (Deutsch Version) RNA MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DNA MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PROTEIN MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DNA, RNA, PROTEIN, CHEMICAL MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATOR - Chang Bioscience, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. DNA, RNA, Protein,Chemical Molecular Weight Calculator "...For DNA/RNA molecular weight, users have the option to input sequences or sequence length. Degenerate codes can be accepted. Blanks and numbers will be automatically ignored. For modified DNA/RNA or for primer/oligo calculations, please use the Oligo Calculator. For protein/peptide molecular weight, users have the option to input sequences or sequence length. If sequences are inputed, they must in the single-letter codes. Blanks and numbers will be automatically ignored..." Molecular Weight Calculators include "...Protein Molecular Weight Calculator; Single-Stranded DNA Molecular Weight Calculator; Double-Stranded DNA Molecular Weight Calculator; RNA Molecular Weight Calculator; etc..." For more information see Chang Bioscience, Inc. PROTEIN MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATOR - S. Venkataraman, Michigan State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Protein Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Molar Weight of the First Marker; Molar Weight of the Second Marker; Distance of First Marker; Distance of Second Marker; Distance of Unknown; etc..." For more information see JavaScript or Sridhar Venkataraman's Home Page

Molecular Structure & Mechanics MOLECULAR STRUCTURE RELATED CENTERS FOR MOLECULAR MODELING & STUCTURE DATABASES SEE THE CHEMICAL DATABASES: MOLECULAR MODELING NMR & MRI NMR & MRI RELATED CENTERS FOR NMR PERIODICAL TABLES SEE PERIODICAL TABLES: NMR FOR NMR & MRI SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE SPECTROSCOPY MRI COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THE BASICS OF MRI - J.P. Hornak, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY Multimedia Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) "...is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality images of the inside of the human body. MRI is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a spectroscopic technique used by scientists to obtain microscopic chemical and physical information about molecules. The technique was called magnetic resonance imaging rather than nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) because of the negative connotations associated with the word..." Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Chapters include: "...Introduction; The Mathematics of NMR; Spin Physics; NMR Spectroscopy; Fourier Transforms; Imaging Techniques; Fourier Transform Imaging Principles; Basic Imaging Techniques; Imaging Hardware; Advanced Imaging Techniques; etc..." For more information see Class Material or the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Also available in Russian & Italian Chapter Examples from 'The Basics of MRI' include Chapter 2: The Mathematics of NMR Chapter 3: Spin Physics Chapter 12: Advanced Imaging Techniques NMR COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NMR COURSE (SHOCKWAVE) - F. Sauriol, NMR Facility, Department of Chemistry, Queens University, Ontario, Canada Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Course (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Chapters include: "...Basic Concepts, Pulse Tools, 2DJ-NMR, 2D: Homonuclear, 3D-NMR experiments, etc..." Some examples of Animations include: "...An Animation that reviews various aspect of NMR; An Animation that reviews more specifically Scalar Couplings; Animation on the APT pulse sequence; Animation on 3D HNCA; Animation on the INEPT pulse sequence; Carbon13 couplings; Spin-Echo; etc..." For more information see Advanced NMR Course; The NMR Facility at Queen's University; Facility Information - NMR; Research Facilities - Facility Information or the Department of Chemistry Examples of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Teaching Modules include The APT Experiment Precession and the magnetic field in NMR NMR parameters NMR-COLLABORATIVE TRAINING PROJECT (NMR-CTP) - A. Grushow & A. Brandolini, NMR Facility, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Rider University Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. NMR-CTP Teaching Modules "...Through the use of this tutorial, we hope that you will come to understand many of the practical aspects of NMR experiments, from preparing a sample to analyzing the resulting spectrum..." For more information see Rider University NMR Facility; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics or the Rider University THE BASICS OF NMR - J.P. Hornak, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) "...is a phenomenon which occurs when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating magnetic field. Some nuclei experience this phenomenon, and others do not, dependent upon whether they possess a property called spin..." Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Chapters include: "...Introduction; The Mathematics of NMR; Spin Physics; NMR Spectroscopy; Fourier Transforms; Pulse Sequences, NMR Hardware; Practical Considerations; Carbon-13 NMR; 2-D Techniques; Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques; etc..." For more information see the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Chapter Examples from 'The Basics of NMR' include Chapter 5: Fourier Transforms Chapter 7: NMR Hardware Chapter 10: 2-D Techniques NMR CALCULATORS & APPLETS - MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS GAMMA ONLINE PROGRAMS (JAVA APPLETS) - S.A. Smith, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Program, The National High Magnetic Filed Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. GAMMA Includes over "50" Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Calculators. "...GAMMA is a C++ library expressly for simulation of Magnetic Resonance experiments..." For more information see Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Program Resources; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Program or the National High Magnetic Filed Laboratory NMR SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NMR AND MRI RELATED TOOLS - SpectroscopyNow.com, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the SpectroscopyNow.com Examples of NMR Calculators & MRI Calculators include Pulse Length/Power Level & Pulse length/field strength Calculators Pulse Length/Power Level Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pulse Length Measured; Measured at Power Level; Pulse Length or Power Level..." Pulse Length/Field Strength Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Pulse Length or Field Strength..." Generalized Karplus Calculator Generalized Karplus Calculator INPUT Values include: "...To calculate a coupling constant for a given dihedral angle (q) simply change the value in the form. To change the equation either type in the new coefficients or select a Karplus equation from the list..." NMR Temperature Measurements Calculator NMR Temperature Measurements Calculator INPUT Values include: "...fill out the proton frequency and the frequency difference between two selected peaks depending from the thermometer used..." NMR SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY VERY VERYK...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Department of Chemistry Some examples of NMR Spectroscopy Tools & Calculators include 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Functional Group (H, R- alkyl, R2C=CR-alkene, F, Cl, Br, etc...); Alpha Substituents; Beta Substituents; Gamma Substituents..." JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Simulation JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Operating Frequency; Environment (Shift-ppm; Number of Spins); Coupling Constants..." SPECTROSCOPY DATA VIEWERS - CALCULATORS & APPLETS FOR MORE SPECTROSCOPY DATABASES SEE CHEMICAL & BIOCHEMICAL DATABASES: SPECTROSCOPY AN EXAMPLE COMPUTED SPECTRAL DATA 3D-VISUALIZAION (COMSPEC 3D) - F. Oellien & Wolf-D. Ihlenfeldt, The J. Gasteiger Research Group, Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Multimedia Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Computed Spectral Data 3D-Visualization (ComSpec3D) "...is an online service for the calculation and visualization of Infrared and Raman spectra and their corresponding normal modes..." "...All data related to the IR and raman spectra like frequencies and normal modes are based on quantum-mechanical calculations performed with the semi-empircal programm VAMP (PM3 method)..." For more information see Services; Techniques for Organic Reactions, Visualization, and Spectroscopy; Computer-Chemie-Centrum (Computer Chemistry Center) or the Institut für Organische Chemie (Institute for Organic Chemistry)

Nondestructive Testing NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EDDY CURRENT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EDDY CURRENT TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO EDDY CURRENT TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Eddy Current Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Eddy Current Testing "...Electrical currents are generated in a conductive material by an induced alternating magnetic field. The electrical currents are called eddy currents because they flow in circles..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Some examples from over "22" Eddy Current Testing Teaching Modules & Applets include Mutual Inductance Applet - The Basis for Eddy Current Inspection The Basis for Eddy Current Inspection "...In eddy current inspection, the eddy currents are generated in the test material due to mutual induction. The test probe is basically a coil of wire through which..." Standard Phase Lag Phase Lag "...is a parameter of the eddy current signal that makes it possible to obtain information about the depth of a defect within a material. Phase lag is the shift in time between the eddy current response..." Analog Meter Analog Meter "...Analog instruments are the simplest of the instruments available for eddy current inspections. They are used for crack detection, corrosion inspection, or conductivity testing..." Coil (Probe) Design Applet - Diameter Coil (Probe) Design "...The most important feature in eddy current testing is the way in which the eddy currents are induced and detected in the material under test. This depends on the design of the probe..." LIQUID PENETRANT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Liquid Penetrant Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Liquid Penetrant Testing "...Liquid penetration inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw..." Liquid Penetration Chapters include: "...Principles; PT Materials; Methods & Techniques; Quality & Process Control; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education MAGNETIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Magnetic Particle Inspection Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnetic Particle Testing (MPI) "...uses magnetic fields and small magnetic particles, such as iron filings to detect flaws in components..." Magnetic Particle Testing Chapters include: "...Introduction; Physics; Equipment & Materials; Testing Practices; Process Control; Example Indications; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education RADIOGRAPHY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Radiographic Testing Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Radiographic Testing "...involves the use of penetrating gamma or X-radiation to examine materials and parts for imperfections..." Radiographic Testing Chapter include: "...Introduction; Physics of Radiography; Equipment & Materials; Techniques & Calibrations; Advanced Techniques..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Some examples from over "20" Radiographic Testing Applets include Isotope Decay Rate Applet Geometric Unsharpness Applet ULTRASOUND CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ULTRASONIC TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASONIC TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Ultrasonic Testing Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ultrasonic Testing "...uses sound waves to detect imperfections in material and to measure material properties..." Ultrasonic Testing Chapters include: "...Introduction; Physics of Ultrasound; Equipment & Transducers; Measurement Techniques; Calibration Methods; Selected Applications; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Some examples from over "20" Ultrasonic Testing Applets include Refraction and Snell's Law Applet Transducer Beam Spread Applet Signal Processing Techniques Applet

Nuclear Chemistry NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY FOR NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE THE ENGINEERING CENTER: NUCLEAR ENGINEERING FOR NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY DATABASES INCLUDING NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, DECAY & ISOTOPES; NUCLIDES; RADIATION DOSIMETRY; ETC. SEE THE PHYSICS DATABASES & CHEMISTRY DATABASES CENTER FOR RADIATION & RADIOACTIVITY DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE RADIATION & RADIOACTIVITY CENTER Opacity Computations OPACITY COMPUTATIONS CALCULATORS OPACITY PROJECT: OPACITY COMPUTATIONS - OSC Technical Information Server, Ohio Supercomputer Center Multimedia Opacity Computations (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Rosseland mean opacities (RMOs) and radiative accelerations (RAs) for arbitrary chemical mixtures "...are computed online directly from the Opacity Project (OP) monochromatic opacities. The mixture is specified by the hydrogen (X) and metal (Z) mass-fractions (X+Y+Z=1) and its metal fractional composition (default = S92 of [4])..." Opacity Calculators include: "...Rosseland Mean Opacities Calculator (OP Computations of Rosseland Mean Opacities); Radiative Accelerations Calculator (OP Computations of Radiative Accelerations)..." For more information see the Ohio Supercomputer Center Organic Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DATABASES SEE CHEMICAL & BIOCHEMICAL DATABASES CENTER FOR SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, ORGANIC SYNTHESES, ORGANIC REACTIONS, SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, ETC. SEE SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. VIRTUAL TEXTBOOK OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CHIME) - W.H. Reusch, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University Multimedia Organic Chemistry Course with Practice Problems (Text, Images, Animations, Calculators, & 3D Modeling). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry "...is a broad and complex subject. To understand and achieve a practical mastery of it requires an evaluation of interacting, and often competing principles and factors. These factors do not generally lend themselves to a quantitative treatment, so qualitative judgements as to their relative importance are necessary..." Examples of Organic Chemistry Course Chapters include: "...Structure & Bonding; Intermolecular Forces; Chemical Reactivity; Aromaticity; Nomenclature; Stereoisomers; Spectroscopy; Alkanes; Alkenes; Alkynes; Alkyl Halides; Alcohols; Ethers; etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry BASIC ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE INCLUDING AN INTRODUCTION TO STEREOCHEMISTRY (CHIME & RASMOL) - D. Woodcock, Department of Chemistry, Okanagan University College, British Columbia, Canada Multimedia Organic Chemistry Nomenclature Teaching Modules (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry Nomenclature Subject Categories include: "...The Alkanes; Functional Groups with Prefixes Only; Functional Groups with Suffixes Only; Functional Groups with Suffix and Prefix Aromatics; Stereochemistry Chirality; Heterocyclics; etc..." For more information see Dave Woodcock's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY - CHEM 3B (REAL PLAYER) - P.C. Vollhardt, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Multimedia Organic Chemistry: Chemical Structure and Reactivity Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry: Chemical Structure and Reactivity "...The synthesis and purification of organic compounds will be explored. Natural product chemistry will be introduced. Advanced spectroscopic methods including infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry will be used to..." Examples of Organic Chemistry: Chemical Structure and Reactivity Video Lectures include "...Delocalized Pi Systems Video Lecture; Electronic Spectroscopy Video Lecture; Aromatic Compounds Video Lecture; Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Video Lecture; Aldehydes Video Lecture; Ketones Video Lecture; Enones Video Lecture; Chemistry of Arenes Video Lecture; Carbohydrates Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Peter C. Vollhardt's Home Page; Department of Chemistry; Spring 2006 Courses; Courses or Berkeley Webcasts ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - T.A. Newton, Department Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Southern Maine Multimedia Organic Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "40" Organic Chemistry Course Lectures include "...Introduction; Conductance Measurements; Michael Additions; Carboxylic Acids; Structure-Acidity Correlations; The Mannich Reaction; Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution; Delocalized Bonding; Electrophilic Addition; Carbohydrates; Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Biopolymers; Aldol Condensation; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry (CHY 253) Home Page; Chemistry Courses or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - ChempaPedia, CHEMGAROO, FIZ CHEMIE Berlin, Berlin, Germany Multimedia Organic Chemistry Lectures, Teaching Modules, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English, French & German. Examples of Organic Chemistry Subject Categories include "...Organic Chemistry Fundamentals; Chemical Bond; Alkanes; Alkenes & Alkynes; Stereochemistry; Oxidation Reactions; Halogen Alkanes; Carboxylic Acids; Substitution Reactions; etc..." For more information see ChempaPedia - Chemistry Encyclopedia; ChempaPedia; CHEMGAROO or FIZ CHEMIE Berlin ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (REAL PLAYER) - C.E. Wintner, Department of Chemistry, Haverford College Multimedia Organic Chemistry Lectures (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENISVE. Examples from over "80" Organic Chemistry Video Lectures include: "...Conformation Video Lecture; Constitution Video Lecture; Configuration Video Lecture; Hydrocarbon Rings Video Lecture; Stereotopism Video Lecture; Carbon Bonding Video Lecture; Bonding in Carbon Polyene Systems Video Lecture; Thermodynamics and Kinetics Video Lecture; Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions Video Lecture; Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions Video Lecture; Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes; The Carbonyl Group Video Lecture; Alcohol Synthesis via Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group Video Lecture; ; etc..." For more information see Claude E. Wintner's Home Page; Department of Chemistry or Haverford College ORGANIC CHEMISTRY VIDEO LECTURES (FLASH) - M. Koutroulis, Department of Chemistry, Math and Science Division, Rio Hondo College, Whittier, California Multimedia Organic Chemistry Video Lectures (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Organic Chemistry Video Lectures include: "...Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, and Ethers Video Lecture; Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes Video Lecture; Nomenclature of Alcohols Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry 1; Matt Koutroulis's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (QUICKTIME & SHOCKWAVE) - Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges Multimedia Organic Chemistry Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "40" Organic Chemistry Teaching Modules include "...Boiling & Melting Points of Alkanes; Cycloalkanes; Aldehydes and Ketones; Nomenclature of Functionalized Molecules; Conformational Analysis; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry Help or the Joint Science Department of the Claremont Colleges STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF ORGANOLITHIUM REAGENTS - H.J. Reich, Divison of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Multimedia Organolithium Reagents Lectures (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Structure and Reactivity of Organolithium Reagents Lectures include: "...DNMR Simulation Shows the Ate Complex is a Required Intermediate for the Diphenylphosphorylthiophene System; Effect of HMPA; Mechanism of the Li/Se and Li/Te Exchanges; Successful Nucleophilic Opening of Epoxides with Organometallic Reagents; The Kinetic Study; Spectroscopically Characterized Ate Complexes; Rates of the Lithium-Metaloid Exchange; etc..." For more information see Drawing Chemical Structures; Hans J. Reich's Home Page or the Divison of Organic Chemistry THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CATALYSIS - Publisher: Wiley InterScience Multimedia Encyclopedia of Catalysis (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Encyclopedia of Catalysis "...a definitive A-to-Z reference work covering the most significant aspects of homogeneous, heterogeneous, asymmetric, biomimetic, and biological catalysis. The principles of catalysis, the scope of catalytic reactions, the preparation, characterization, and use of catalysts including catalytic technology..." Encyclopedia of Catalysis Subject Categories include: Biological Catalysis "...Biodesulfurization; Bioorganic Catalysts and Catalysis; Carbohydrases; Catalytic Antibodies; Copper Enzymes and Models; Esterification; Kinases; Magnesium Enzymes and Models; Nickel Enzymes and Models; Oxygenation and Oxygenases; Phosphatases; etc..." Heterogeneous Catalysis "...Ammoxidation; Bimetallic Catalysts; Catalysis by Solid Acids; Clays and Other Layered Materials; Dehydrogenation; Heteropolyacids; Hydrodenitrogenation; Metal Carbides, Nitrides, Oxides & Sulfides; Ring Opening Reactions; etc..." Industrial Processes "...Bases and Base Catalysis; Biphasic Catalysis; Catalysts for Fuel Cells; Catalytic Distillation; Colloids; Hydroformylation; Oxidative Carbonylation; etc..." Biomimetic Catalysis; etc. For more information see Organic Chemistry; Chemistry or Wiley InterScience

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS & EXPERIMENTS - SIMULATIONS, MOVIES/VIDEOS & AUDIO/SOUND, ETC. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION & EXPERIMENTS (REALPLAYER) - Peter Keusch, Faculty of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Germany Multimedia Organic Chemistry Video Laboratory Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. In English & German/Deutsch. Includes over "80" Organic Chemistry Video Demonstrations in the following Subject Categories: "...Addition Reactions Video Demonstrations; Elimination Reactions Video Demonstrations; Substitution Reactions Video Demonstrations; Redox Reactions Video Demonstrations; Test Reactions Video Demonstrations; Keto-Enol-Tautomerism Video Demonstrations; Carboxylic Acids and Derivates Video Demonstrations; Radicals and Radical Ions Video Demonstrations; Catalytic Reactions Video Demonstrations; Kinetics Video Demonstrations; Dyes Video Demonstrations; Chromatographical Separation Methods Video Demonstrations; Synthetics Video Demonstrations; Chemical Technology Video Demonstrations; Chemistry in Every Day Life - Products from the Supermarket Video Demonstrations; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry Video Demonstrations in German; Didactics of Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry & Pharmacy or the University of Regensburg ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS (QUICKTIME) - Department of Chemistry, Barnard College Multimedia Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Subject Categories of Organic Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments include: "...Melting Points Video Series (3 Video Demonstrations); Recrystallization Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Extraction Video Series (8 Video Demonstrations); TLC Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Column Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Distillation Video Series (8 Video Demonstrations); etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry VIRTUAL CHEMISTRY (FLASH & QUICKTIME) - Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, U.K. Multimedia Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Chemistry Lecture Demonstrations & Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments Subject Categories include: LiveChem "...An online video library of transition metal salt reaction. Nearly 300 videos for students to watch and learn from. Fully interactive Flash environment, etc..." Interactive Organic Mechanisms Video Demonstrations "...helps chemistry students get to grips with drawing curly arrows as a form of mechanism representation, and give practice in the form of simple example mechanisms..." Metal Ions in Solution Video Demonstrations "...The aim of this experiment is to teach you something of the aqueous chemistry of common metal ions belonging..." Named Organic Mechanism Video Demonstrations "...An interactive arrow pushing website which allows students to do some named organic reactions step by step, etc..." Nickel(II) Complexes Video Demonstrations; Simple Inorganic Solids Video Demonstrations; VSEPR Video Demonstrations; Symmetry Video Demonstrations; etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB PROGRAM (FLASH, QUICKTIME & WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER) - L.M. Browne, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Multimedia Organic Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENS