LANGUAGE & TRANSLATION CENTER - Martindale Center

MARTINDALE’S

LANGUAGE & TRANSLATION CENTER

U.S.: Saturday, December 28, 2019

Sydney, Australia: Sunday, December 29, 2019

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~ Includes over “2,350” Languages ~

Language Dictionaries & Encyclopedias;

Word & Text-to-Speech (TTS); Word, Text & Website Translation;

Basic, First Year, Intermediate & Advanced Courses;

Writing & Stroke Demonstrations; Language Keyboards;

Grammar, Phonetics, Reading & Writing Lessons; Literature; Poetry; etc.

Note:
Number of Speakers, Writing Script, Where Language Spoken Provided by

Ethnologue (SIL),

Individual Countries Population & Languages Census,
Individual Linguists, etc.

LANGUAGES WORLD WIDE
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Global Language Network &
Voice & Photo Translator Apps for Phones, Tablets, etc.

Indigenous Languages of U.S. & Canada

Indigenous Languages of Mexico, Central America & South America

Indigenous Languages of Australia

LANGUAGES WORLD WIDE: A-G

Abkhaz, Adygea, Adyghe Aghul, Akhvakh, Andi, Avar, Bagvalin, Bats, Bezhta,

Botlikh, Budukh, Chamalal, Dargwa, Ghodoberi, Hinukh, Hunzib, Kabardian, Karata,

Khinalug, Khvarshi, Lak, Lezgi, Mingrelian, Rutul, Svan, Tabassaran, Tindi, Tsakhur, Tsez, Udi

Albanian (Tosk, Gheg, Arbëreshë, Arvanitika) ~
Altai

Arabic
& Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic, Hassaniyya Arabic (Hassānīy Arabic),
Iraqi Arabic (Mesopotamian Arabic), Jordanian Arabic (South Levantine),
Moroccan Arabic (Darija), Najdi Aarbic (Saudi Arabia), Sudanese Arabic,
Syrian Arabic (North Levantine), Tunisian Arabic, Yemeni Arabic

Aramaic – Syriac, Assyrian – Akkadian, Demotic, Phoenician, Sumerian,
Old Bulgar, Thracian, Ugaritic, Cuneiform Tablets, Vindolanda Tablets

African Languages
Languages of Africa (over “250” Languages)

Archi ~
Armenian ~
Austronesian Languages ~
Azerbaijani (North, South)

Baluchi (Balochi)
(Eastern Balochi, Southern Balochi & Western Balochi)

Bashkir ~
Basque (Euskara) ~
Belarusian (Belarusan) ~
Bengali or Bengla

Berber Languages

(Central Morocco Tamazight, Tamazight,

Amazigh (Amazighe), Kabyle, Tachelhit, Chenoua,

Nafusi, Tachawit, Tarifit, Tumzabt, etc.)

Bosnian (Bosanski) ~
Brahui ~
Bru (Eastern & Western)

Bulgarian ~
Buryat (Buriat) ~
Burmese, Wa (Parauk Wa & Vo Wa), Khumi, Shan & Mon

Cambodian (Khmer) ~
Cham (Eastern & Western) ~
Chamorro (Chamoru) ~
Chechen & Ingush

Chinese
(Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka,
Min Nam & Taiwanese, Shanghai (Shanghainese),
Teochew (Chaozhou, Diojiu), Wu, Classical Chinese (Guangyun, Kangxi, etc.)
Chinese Dialects (Beijing, Jinan, Xi’an, Taiyuan, Hankou, Chengdu, etc.)

Chukchi (Chukot, Chukchee) ~
Chuvash ~
Coptic

Creole
Haitian Creole;
Hawai’ian Creole English & Hawaiian Pidgin);
Cajun French, French Creole & Louisiana Creole;
Jamaican Creole English (Patois, Limón Creole English, Panamanian Creole English);
Papiamentu (Papiamento);
Sea Island Creole English (Gullah)

Cretan Hieroglyphs ~
Croatian (Hrvatski) ~
Czech (Český)

Danish (Dansk) ~
Dari ~
Dhivehi ~
Domari

Dutch (Nederlands) & Belgian Dutch (Het Belgische Nederlands)

East Timor Languages
(Fataluku, Makuva, Oirata, Tetun, Waimaha (Wai ma’a))

Egyptology (Hieroglyphics) ~
Enets ~
English & Old English

Erzya ~
Estonian (Eestlane) ~
Etruscan ~
Evenki

Faroese (Føryskt) ~
Fijian

Finnish (Suomi) ~
French (Français) & Old French ~
Frisian (Frysk) ~
Friulan (Friulian, Frulan)

Federated States of Micronesia Languages
(Chuukese, Kosraean, Pingelapese, Pohnpeian, Satawalese, Yapese)

Formosan Languages (Taiwan)
(Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Kanakanavu, Kavalan,
Paiwan, Pazih, Rukai, Sakizaya, Saisiya, Tsou, Yami)

French Polynesia Languages
(Marquesan, Tahitian, Tuamotuan)

Gagauz ~
Georgian ~
German (Deutsch) & Old German ~
Gothic ~
Greenlandic

Greek (Ελληνικα)
(Ancient, Classical, Biblical, New Testament, Modern)

Gaelic

Irish (Gaeilge & Gaelic) ~
Manx Gaelic (Gaelg) ~
Scottish, Scots & Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)

LANGUAGES WORLD WIDE: H-R

Hawaiian (‘Olelo Hawai’i) ~
Hebrew & Yiddish

Hittite, Carian, Luvian, Lycian, Lydian & Phygian (Anatolian Languages)

Hmong (White Miao Language, Njua Hmong Language, etc.)

Hungarian (Magyar)

Himalayan Languages
(Primarily the Languages of Bhutan & Nepal)

(Chantyal,
Chintang,
Dumi,
Dzongkha,
Jero,
Kham,
Kiranti,
Koyi Rai,
Kulung,
Kusunda,

Limbu,
Nar Phu,
Nepali,
Newari,
Rajbanshi,
Thulung Rai,
Tibeto-Burman,
Wambule)

Icelandic (Íslenska)

Languages of Indonesia

(Indonesian,
Abui,
Aceh (Acehese),
Balinese (Bali),
Dayak Ngaju (Ngaju),
Javanese (Java),

Kerinci,
Konjo & Bugis,
Makassarese (Makassar),
Samawa (Sumbawa),
Thong Boi (Bahasa Bangka))

Italian (Italiano) & Sicilian ~
Itelmen

Languages of India

(Angami (Angami Naga),
Assamese,

Badaga,
Bengali (Bengla),
Bhili (Bhilodi),
Bhojpuri,
Bodo (Boro),
Bondo (Remo, Remosam),

Darma (Darmiya),
Dogri,
Galo,
Great Andamanese,
Gujarati,
Hindi,
Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu),
Ho,

Kachari (Cachari, Dimasa, Dimasa Kachari, Hills Kachar),

Kannada,
Kashmiri,
Kharia,

Kokborok (Kok Borok, Tripuri, Kokbarak),
Konkani,
Kurukh (Kurux, Kurukh/Oraon),

Lushai (Mizo),
Magahi (Magadhi),
Maithili,
Malayalam,

Manipuri (Meitei, Meiteilon),
Marathi,
Mundari,

Nisi (Nyishi, Nissi, Dafla),
Oriya,
Pali,
Punjabi,
Rajasthani,
Sanskrit,
Santali,

Saurashtra (Saurashtra/Saurash, Sourashtra),
Shom Pen,
Sora (Savara),

Tamil,
Telugu,
Toda,
Tulu,
Urdu)

Languages of Central India (Examples)

(Juang, Kharia, Korku, Kom, Kumauni, Lahnda,

Rabha, Thadou, Wancho, etc.)

Languages of North-Eastern India (Examples)

(Ao, Apatani, Bori, Chakesang, Chokri, Dimasa, Garo, Hmar,

Karbi, Khamti, Khasi, Koch, Kuki, Liangmei, Miji, Mishmi, Monpa,

Nocte, Phakial, Phom, Rabha, Rengma, Riang, Sangtam,

Tangkhul, Tangsa, Zeliang, etc.)

Languages of India
in other Sections of the Language Center

Languages of Iran

(Avestan, Zoroastrianism, Old Iranian, Old Persian, Middle Persian, Pahlavi)

(Elamite)
(Farsi, Persian)

Languages of Iran
in other Sections of the Language Center

Japanese & Classical Japanese

Kalmyk (Kalmyk-Oirat, Oirat, Western Mongol)

Karachay-Balkar (Qarachaymalqar) ~
Karaim ~
Karakalpak

Karen (Sgaw Karen) ~
Kazakh ~
Ket ~
Khakas(s) ~
Khanty ~
Khinalug

Kiribati (Gilbertese) ~
Komi (Komi-Zyrian) ~
Korean ~
Koryak ~
Kumyk

Kurdish (Kurmanji, Soranî & Central) ~
Kyrgyz (Kirghiz)

Ladin ~
Lahu ~
Lao (Laotian) ~
Latin (Latinus) ~
Latvian (Latviešu)

Laz (Lazuri) ~
Lebanese (Arabic – North Levantine)

Lithuanian (Lietuviškai) ~
Luxembourgeois (Luxembourgish, Lëtzebuergesch, Luxembourgian)

Macedonian ~
Malagasy ~
Malay (Bahasa Melayu) ~
Maori (Māori) ~
Maltese (Malti)

Manchu ~
Mansi ~
Mari (Meadow Mari & Hill Mari) ~
Marshallese

Maya Hieroglyps & Mesoamerica Languages

Mongolian (Halh Mongolian – Монгол улс; Peripheral Mongolian – Inner Mongolian)

Morisyen (Mauritian Creole, Kreol Morisien)

Languages of Nuristân
(Vâs’i, Kâta, Kom, Mum’o, âSkunu, Sanu, gRâmsanâ, kalaSa, Tregâmi, Kâmv’iri)

Nanai ~
Nenets (Yurak, Yurak Samoyed, Tundra, Forest) ~
Nivkh

Nganasan ~
Nogai (Nogay) ~
Norwegian (Norsk, Nynorsk & Bokmål)

Nuosu (Nuosu Yi, Northern Yi, Liangshan Yi, Sichuan Yi)

Occitan (Provençal, Langue d’oc) ~
Ossetian (Osetin, Ossetic)

Old Norse

(Old Icelandic, Old Norwegion, Old Swedish, Old Danish, Old Gotlandic,

Medieval Norse, Old West Norse, Old East Norse, Old Gutnish, Gotar)

Languages of Pakistan
(Language located throughout the Language Center)

(Baluchi (Balochi),
Brahui,
Gujarati,
Pashto,
Punjabi,

Seraiki (Saraiki, Siraiki) & Multani,
Sindhi,
Urdu)

Languages of Papua New Guinea

(Tok Pisi, Ambulas, Angave (Ankave),

Baruya, Benabena, Bukiyip (Mountain Arapesh), Bunama,

Fasu (Námo Mē), Gimi, Guhu-Samene, Hakö, Iamalele,

Kamano-Kafe (Kamano), Kanite, Kele, Kewa, Maisin, Melpa, Mende, Mengen, Muyuw,

Nehan, Oksapmin, Papapana, Rumu,

Sinaugoro, Siroi, Solos, Sudest, Tifal, Titan, Torau,

Uruava (Poraka), Waffa, Wahgi, Walsa (Waris), Wantoat,

Biliau, Bergam, Benabena, Gadsup, Girawa, Managalasi,

Nehan, Somba-Siawari, Suena, etc.)

Pali ~
Pashto (Pushto) ~
Pattani Malay ~
Polish (Polski)

Portuguese (Português – European & Brazilian)

Rohingya ~
Romani (Romany, Gypsy)

Romanian (Român) ~
Romansh (Rumansch) ~
Rotuman ~
Russian

LANGUAGES WORLD WIDE: S-Z

Languages of Suriname

Sakha (Yakut)

Sámi – Saami
(North Sámi, South Sámi, Lule Sámi,
Ume Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Kildin Sámi
Pite Sámi, Akkala Sámi, Ter Sámi)

Samoan ~
Scottish (Lallans) ~
Selkups & Northern Selkups

Seraiki (Saraiki, Siraiki, Sira’iki) & Multani ~
Serbian (Srpski)

Shor ~
Sindhi ~
Sinhala (Sinhalese, Singhalese) ~
Slovak (Slovenský) ~
Slovenian (Slovenski)

Languages of the Solomon Islands
(Cheke Holo, Kokota, Roviana, Simbo)

Spanish (Español), Asturian, Catalan, Galician & Valencian

Swedish (Svenska)

Tagalog, Filipino and

over “80” other Languages of the Philippines

including:

Agusan Manobo, Bicolano, Binukid, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ifugao Tuwali,

Ilocano (Ilokano), Kapampangan, Khinina-ang Bontok, Maguindanao, Mansaka, Maranao,

Pangasinan, Pangutaran Sama, Tina Sambal, Waray (Waray-Waray)

Aklanon, Bikol, Buhi Bicol, Gaddang, Ibanag, Isinay,

Itawes, Ivantan, Kinaray-A, Masbateño, Tausug, Yogad

Agutaynen, Ayta Abenlen, Balangao, Bantoanon, Blaan, Caluyanun, Ga’dang, Ibatan,

Kaagan-Kalagan, Kalinga, Kankanae, Mamanwa, Manobo, Sama, Tboli, Yakan, etc.

Tai Languages
Tai Nüa (Tai Dehong), Tai Dam (Black Tai), Tai Lü (Tai Lue, Lü, Lue)

Tajiki (Tajik, Galcha) ~
Tat Languges (Judeo-Tat & Muslim Tat) ~
Tatar & Crimean Tatar

Thai ~
Tibetan ~
Tocharian ~
Tofa (Tofalar, Karagas) ~
Tongan ~
Tujia

Turkish (Türkçe) & Ottoman Turkish ~
Turkmen ~
Tuva (Tyva, Tuvinian, Tuvan) ~
Tzotzil

Udmurt ~
Uighur (Uyghur) ~
Ukrainian ~
Uzbek (Northern & Southern)

Vanuatu Languages
Araki, Bislama, Malo (Tamambo),
Mosina (Vurës), Motiav (Mwotlap), Nume, South Efate, etc.

Vietnamese

Welsh (Cymraeg)

Yaghnobi (Yagnob) ~
Yi (Sichuan Yi, Nuosu, Nuosu Yi, Northern Yi)

Yukaghir (Kolyma Yukaghir, Tundra Yukaghir)

Zazaki (Dimli, Zaza)

INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF U.S. & CANADA

Abenaki, Western Abnaki, Eastern Abnaki, Penobscot

Achumawi (Pit River) ~
Ahtna (Athena, Cooper River) ~
Alabama ~
Aleut ~
Algonquin ~
Alutiiq

Apache
(Western Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache, Lipan Apache, Kiowa Apache, Jicarilla Apache)
& Yavapai

Arapaho ~
Arikara ~
Atakapa ~
Athabaskan ~
Atsugewi

Biloxi, Ofo & Tunica ~
Blackfoot, Siksika (Niitsipussin)

Caddo ~
Cahto & Wailaki ~
Cahuilla

Carrier, Dakelh, Chilcotin, Lheidli, Nak’albun,
Saik’uzi, Nadleh Whut’en, Sekani, Tsilhqot’in (Xeni Gwet’in), Wet’suwet’en

Catawba ~
Cayuga ~
Chemehuevi ~
Cherokee ~
Cheyenne ~
Chickasaw, Chikasha ~
Chimariko

Chinook (Chinuk Wawa, Kiksht, Clackama), Kathlamet & Wasco-Wishram (Upper Chinook, Wishham)

Chipewyan, Dene, Sarsi, North Slavey (Slave), South Slavey (Slave)

Chitimacha

Chiwere, Iowa-Oto, Ioway-Otoe, Ioway Otoe-Missouri & Oto

Choctaw

Chumash, Inezeño (Ineseño), Ventureño, Barbareño, Cruzeño, Obispeño, Purisimeño

Cocopa ~
Coeur D’Alene ~
Columbia-Wenatchi ~
Comanche ~
Cowlitz

Cree
(East Cree, Maskwacis Plains Cree, Saskatchewan Plains Cree,
Swampy Cree, Woods Cree, Wookland Cree)

Creek, Muskcogee, Muskokee, Mvskok & Miccosukee

Crow ~
Cupeño

Dakota ~
Lakota ~
Nakota (Assiniboine)

Deg Xinag (Deg Hit’an, Degexit’an, Ingalit, Ingalik)

Dena’ina (Tanaina) ~
Diegueño ~
Ditidaht (Diidiitidq, Nitinaht) ~
Dogrib

Esselen ~
Eyak

Fernandeño Tataviam

Gabrieliño (Tongva) ~
Gitxsan, Gitksan, Gitksen, Gitsenimx ~
Gros Ventre & Atsina

Gwich’in, Kutchin, Loucheux, Kitchin, Kutchin-Loucheux, Fort Yukon Gwich’in

Haida, Hlgaagilda Xaayda Kil, Hyda, Skidegate & Masset(t) ~
Haisla ~
Hän

Hanis, Hanis Coos, Coos, Milluk, Siuslawan (Siuslaw & Lower Umpqua)

Havasupai ~
Hiaki, Yaqui ~
Hidatsa ~
Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk, Winnebago)

Holikachuk ~
Hopi ~
Hualapai (Walapai) ~
Hupa

Hulquminum, Hul’qumi’num, Halkomelem (Upriver, Downriver, and Island), Halq’eméylem

Innu-aimun, Montagnais

Inuit Languages

Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, Western Canadian Inuktitut,

North Alaskan Inuktitut, Inuttut, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuk, Inuinnaq

Inupiat, Inupiatun, Iñupiatun, Inupiaq, Iñupiaq, Inyupiaq,

Iñupiat, Inyupiat, Inyupeat, Inyupik, Inupik

Eskimo, North Alaskan Inupiatun,

Inupiat, North Alaskan Inuktitut, Northwest Alaska Inupiatun, etc.

Juaneño

Kalispel, Kalispel-Pend D’oreille, Salish-Pend d’Oreille

Kanza ~
Karankawa ~
Karuk (Karok) & Shasta ~
Kaska

Kawaiisu, Tehachapi, Nuooah ~
Kickapoo ~
Kiowa ~
Klahoose ~
Klallam (Clallam)

Klamath & Modoc ~
Koasati (Coushatta) ~
Koyukon (Denaakk’e)

Kumeyaay, Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai ~
Kutenai, Kootenai & Ktunaxa

Kwakiutl, Kwak’wala, Kwaguiutl, Lekwala (Southern Dialect of Kwak’wala)

Lenape, Delaware, Unami

Lillooet, Lil’wat, St’át’imcets, Northern St’át’imcets, Ucwalmicwts

Luiseño ~
Lushootseed, Whulshootseed, Twulshootseed

Mahican (Mohican)

Maidu: Northeast Maidu (Mountain), Northwest Maidu (Konkow), Valley Maidu)

Makah

Maliseet, Malecite-Passamaquoddy – Maliseet-Passamaquoddy, Passamaquoddy

Mandan ~
Maricopa

Menominee, Mamaceqtaw ~
Meskwaki, Sauk, Fox

Miami, Miami-Illinois, Myaamia, Illinois-Miami, Miami-Peoria

Michif, French Cree, Michif-Cree ~
Micmac, Mi’kmaq, Mi’kmaw, Mi’gmaq-Mi’kmaq

Miwok
Coast Miwok, Central Sierra Miwok, Lake Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok, Plains Miwok, Southern Sierra Miwok

Mohave, Mojave, Hamakhav ~
Mohawk, Kanien’kéha

Mohegan ~
Molalla ~
Mono

Narragansett (Nipmuc) ~
Naskapi ~
Natchez

Navajo ~
Nez Perce, Nimiipuutimt & Cayuse ~
Nisenan ~
Nisga’a ~
Nisqually

Nlaka’pamux (Thompson, Nlaka’pamuxtsn, Nitlakapamuk, Ntlakyapamuk)

Nooksack (Lhéchalosem) ~
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) ~
Nuxalk (Bella Coola)

Ohlone, Costanoan, Chochenyo, Mutsun, Rumsen (Runsien), San Carlos, Southern Ohlone

Ojibwa, Ojibwe, Chippewa, Saulteaux, Ottawa,
Odawa, Ojibway, Anishinaabemowin, Otchipwe,
Saulteaux, Nakawe, Nishnaabewin, Westerm Ojibwa

Okanagan ~
Omaha & Ponca ~
Oneida ~
Onondaga ~
O’odham, Papago, Pima ~
Osage

Paiute, Paviotso & Bannock ~
Panamint, Tümpisa, Timbisha, Timbisha Shoshone

Pawnee, Skiri Pawnee, South Band Pawnee

Pomo Languages
Eastern Pomo (Bahtssal), Northeastern Pomo, Southern Pomo, Central Pomo, Southeastern Pomo (Kashaya)

Potawatomi ~
Powhatan

Quapaw ~
Quechan & Yuma ~
Quileute ~
Quinault

Saanich

Sahaptin & Yakama Sahaptin ~
Salinan ~
Salish & Hul’qumi’num (Hul’q’umi’num, Halkomelem)

Secwepemc, Shuswap ~
Seneca ~
Serrano ~
Shawnee ~
Shoalwater Bay

Shoshoni (Shoshone) (Sosoni’, Newe Daigwape) ~
Siletz Dee-Ni (Siletz) ~
Sliammon (Comox) ~
Snohomish

T’aat’aaqsapa (Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht)

Tagish ~
Tanacross ~
Tanana (Upper & Lower) ~
Tillamook ~
Tlingit

Tolowa (Smith River, Chasta Costa) ~
Tonkawa

Tsek’ene ~
Tsimshian, Sm’algyax, Sm’álgyax, Shm-algyack

Tsuut’ina (Sarcee) ~
Tubatulabal (Paka’anil, Tübatulabal) ~
Tuscarora ~
Tutchone (Northern & Southern)

Tutelo & Saponi ~
Tututni & Coquille

Upper Kuskokwim ~
Ute

Wampanoag (Massachusett(s), Natick, Pokanoket)

Wandat, Huronne-Wendat, Huron, Wendat, Wyandot

Wappo ~
Washo ~
Wichita ~
Willapa

Wintum (Wintu, Witu, Nomlaki, Patwin, Hill Patwin, South Patwin) ~
Wiyot

Yokuts (Chukchansi, Tachi, Yowlumne) ~
Yuchi (Euchee) ~
Yuki

Yup’ik, Yupik, Central Yupik, Cup’ik, Nunivak, Little Diomede & Kotzebue

Yurok

Zuni, Towa, Tiwa, Tewa, Keres & Acoma
(Pueblo Languages)

North American Indian Sign Language

North American Recognized Indian Nations, Tribes, & First Nations

LANGUAGES OF AFRICA

AFRICAN LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Afar (Afaraf) ~
Afrikaans ~
Akan

Baatonum ~
Bedawiyet (Beja, Tu Bdhaaei)

Chadic Languages
(Baka, Bura, Kirya, Lagwan Kotoko, Mofu, Muyang, Quldeme, Vame,
Chakfem, Dyarim, Gere, Goji, Gyzai, Miya, Mwaghavul, Ngas, Ron, Warji, Zul & Mesa)

Chichewa (Chewa, Chinyanja) ~
Cokwe (Chokwe) ~
Dagaare ~
Dholuo (Luo) ~
Diriku

Dogon Languages & Bangime (Bangeri Me)
(Jamsay, Walo, Beni, Nanga, Tiranige-Diga, Tommo-So, Mombo, Tengu-Kan, etc.)

Ewe (Éwé) ~
Fang ~
Fula Languages (Fulfulde, Pular, Pulaar) ~
Gbaya

Haillom ~
Hausa ~
Ikalanga (Kalanga) ~
Jul”hoan (Zhul’Hõasis)

Kanuri ~
Kinande (Nande, Konzo)

Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) ~
Kirundi ~
Kissi (Kisi, Kìsìéé) ~
Klao (Klaoh) ~
Koromfe

Lingala & Munukutuba (Kituba)

Luyia Languages (Luhya, Luluhya)

(Idakho, Isukha, Kabarasi, Khayo, Kisa, Logoori, Luluhya, Luragoli,

Nyala West, Nyore, Saamia, Tachoni, Tiriki, Tsotso, Tura, Wanga)

Maa – Maasai (Masai, IlKeekonyokie, IlPurko, IlWuasinkishu) and Samburu

Mandinka ~
Manya (Mandingo, Mãniyakã) ~
Mbukushu ~
Mòoré (Moore)

Nama (KhoeKhoegowab, Khoekhoe) ~
Nzema ~
Nobiin (Nubian)

Oromo (Afan Oromo, Afaan Oromoo)

Sakun ~
Sängö (Sango) ~
Serer-Sine ~
Setswana (Tswana) ~
Shona (chiShona) ~
siSwati

Somali (Afsoomaali)

Songhay Languages

(Humburi Senni, Dendi, Garyey, Koyraboro Senni, Koyra Chiini, etc.)

Sotho (Sesotho) ~
Susu ~
Swahili & Sheng (Kiswahili)

Tigre (Tigré)

Tigrinya (Tigrina, Tigrigna) ~
Tumbuka (Chitumbuka) ~
Tsonga ~
Turkana & Teso (Ateso)

Vai ~
Venda ~
Wolof (Wollof) ~
Xhosa ~
!Xóõ (Taa) ~
Yao ~
Yeyi ~
Yorùbá

Zaghawa ~
Zulu

AFRICAN LANGUAGES SPECIFIC TO ONE COUNTRY,

NATIONAL LANGUAGES/OFFICAL LANGUAGES,

LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC.

(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

ALGERIA

Languages Specific to Algeria

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Algeria and other Countries

ANGOLA

Languages Specific to Angola

Umbundu (M’bundo)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Angola and other Countries

BENIN

Languages Specific to Benin

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Benin and other Countries

BOTSWANA

Languages Specific to Botswana

ǂHua

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Botswana and other Countries

BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY

Languages Specific to the British Indian Ocean Territory

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in the British Indian Ocean Territory and other Countries

BURKINA FASO

Languages Specific to Burkina Faso

Kasem (Kassem) ~
Cerma ~
Ninkare ~
Sissala

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Burkina Faso and other Countries

BURUNDI

Languages Specific to Burundi

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Burundi and other Countries

CAMEROON

Languages Specific to Cameroon

Badwe’s ~
Basaa (Basaá, Bisaa) (Basaa of Cameroon) ~
Esimbi ~
Kenyang ~
Kom ~
Koonzime

Mukary Kotoko ~
Mbodomo ~
Mbuko ~
Merey ~
Mkaa’ ~
Mpyemo

Ngie ~
Ngomba ~
Ngwe ~
Ngwo ~
Njyem ~
Nomaande ~
Ouldémé ~
Tuki

Yambetta ~
Yangben (Nuasue) ~
Zulgo

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Cameroon and other Countries

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS

Languages Specific to Cape Verde Islands

Kabuverdianu

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Cape Verde Islands and other Countries

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Languages Specific to Central African Republic

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Central African Republic and other Countries

CHAD

Languages Specific to Chad

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Chad and other Countries

COMOROS

Languages Specific to Comoros

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Comoros and other Countries

CONGO (REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

Languages Specific to the Congo (Republic of the Congo)

Koyo (Ekoyo, Kouyou)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in the Congo (Republic of the Congo) and other African Countrie

CÔTE D’IVOIRE (IVORY COAST)

Languages Specific to Côte d’Ivoire

Bakwé ~
Ega

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Côte d’Ivoire and other Countries

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (DRC)

Languages Specific to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Cilubà ~
Lega ~
Lendu

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and other Countries

DJIBOUTI

Languages Specific to Djibouti

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Djibouti and other Countries

EGYPT

Languages Specific to Egypt

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Egypt and other Countries

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Languages Specific to Equatorial Guinea

Fernando Po Creole English (Pichi)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Equatorial Guinea and other Countries

ERITREA

Languages Specific to Eritrea

Blin (Bilen)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Eritrea and other Countries

ETHIOPIA

Languages Specific to Ethiopia

Amharic ~
Dizin (Dizi) ~
Koegu ~
Mursi ~
Oromo, West Central ~
Suri

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Ethiopia and other Countries

GABON

Languages Specific to Gabon

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Gabon and other Countries

GAMBIA

Languages Specific to Gambia

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Gambia and other Countries

GHANA

Languages Specific to Ghana

Avatime ~
Awutu-Efutu ~
Cherepon ~
Dagbani ~
Dompo

Ga ~
Gua (Anum) ~
Krache ~
Larteh ~
Logba

Nafaanra ~
Nikonya ~
Sekpele ~
Siwu

Twi (Akwapem Twi, Ashante Twi), Asante & Fante

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Ghana and other Countries

GUINEA

Languages Specific to Guinea

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Guinea and other Countries

GUINEA BISSAU

Languages Specific to Guinea Bissau

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Guinea Bissau and other Countries

KENYA

Languages Specific to Kenya

Bukusu ~
Dahalo ~
Ekegusii ~
Gikuyu ~
Kamba

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Kenya and other Countries

LESOTHO

Languages Specific to Lesotho

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Lesotho and other Countries

LIBERIA

Languages Specific to Liberia

Bassa (Bassa Language of Liberia) ~
Kpelle ~
Loma (Lorma)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Liberia and other Countries

LIBYA

Languages Specific to Libya

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Libya and other Countries

MADAGASCAR

Languages Specific to Madagascar

Malagasy
& Malagasy Dialects including:
Antankarana, Bara, Betsimisaraka, Sakalava, Tanosy, Tsimihety, etc.

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Madagascar and other Countries

MALAWI

Languages Specific to Malawi

Chichewa, Ciyawo & Citumbuka

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Malawi and other Countries

MALI

Languages Specific to Mali

Bamanankan (Bambara) ~
Senoufo, Mamara (Mamara, Minyanka)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Mali and other Countries

MAURITANIA

Languages Specific to Mauritania

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Mauritania and other Countries

MAURITIUS

Languages Specific to Mauritius

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Mauritius and other Countries

MAYOTTE

Languages Specific to Mayotte

Shimaore (Maore)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Mayotte and other Countries

MOÇAMBIQUE (MOZAMBIQUE)

Languages Specific to Moçambique (Mozambique)

Chuwabu (Echuwabu) ~
Koti ~
Lomwe (Elomwe) ~
Makhuwa (Emakhuwa Central)

Makhuwa-Marevone (Emakhuwa Emarevoni)

Makhuwa-Meetto (Emakhuwa Emeetto) ~
Makonde (Shimakonde)

Mwani (Kimwani) ~
Ndau (Cindau) ~
Takwane (Etakwane)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Moçambique and other Countries

MOROCCO

Languages Specific to Morocco

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Morocco and other Countries

NAMIBIA

Languages Specific to Namibia

Kwanyama (Oshikwanyama) ~
Kwangali ~
Ndonga ~
Rumanyo

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Namibia and other Countries

NIGER

Languages Specific to Niger

Zarma

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Niger and other Countries

NIGERIA

Languages Specific to Nigeria

Abõ, Afi/Amanda, Njwande & Manta

Basa Benue (Basa), Damakawa, Reshe & Tsuvadi

Batu, Kamino & Buru

Cicipu ~
C’lela ~
Damakawa ~
Defaka ~
Degema ~
Dɔ (Dong)

Ebira ~
Edo (Bini) ~
Efik ~
Eleme ~
Emai-Luleha-Ora

Ibani ~
Ibibio ~
Idoma ~
Igbo ~
Ikwere ~
Isekiri ~
Isoko ~
Izon ~
Jibu

Kalabari ~
Kambari (Tsishingini) ~
Khana ~
Kirike (Okrika) ~
Kutep ~
Manga ~
Marghi

Mbembe ~
Mein ~
Momi & Yendang ~
Nembe ~
Obulom ~
Polci ~
Tee ~
Tiv ~
Urhobo

Plateau Languages of Central Nigeria (Examples)

Akpondu ~ Tesu ~ Toro ~ Hasha ~ Sambe ~ Cara ~ Shall-Zwall ~ Tahos ~ Nincut

Edwa ~ Ehwa ~ Ejegha ~ Kulu ~ Kuturmi ~ Izere ~ Ganang ~ Feran ~ Cen ~ Hyam of Nok ~ Shang

Gwara ~ Nyankpa ~ Tinor ~ Za ~ Nyeng ~ Ndun ~ Shakara ~ Anib ~ Ayu ~ Bu ~ Ce ~ Mada ~ Nigye

Ninka ~ Ninkyop ~ Ninzo ~ Numana ~ Nunku ~ Eggon ~ Ake ~ Jijili (Koro) ~ Jili (Migili) ~ Tarok

Pe ~ Yangkam ~ Kwanka ~ Sur ~ Eloyi, etc.

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Nigeria and other Countries

RÉUNION

Languages Specific to Réunion

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Réunion and other Countries

RWANDA

Languages Specific to Rwanda

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Rwanda and other Countries

SAINT HELENA

Languages Specific to Saint Helena

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Saint Helena and other Countries

SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE

Languages Specific to São Tomé e Príncipe

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in São Tomé e Príncipe and other Countries

SÉNÉGAL

Languages Specific to Sénégal

Diola Fogny (Jola-Fonyi)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Sénégal and other Countries

SEYCHELLES

Languages Specific to Sénégal

Seselwa Creole French (Seychelles Creole French)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Seychelles and other Countries

SIERRA LEONE

Languages Specific to Sierra Leone

Kono ~
Krio ~
Limba (West-Central) ~
Mende ~
Themne

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Sierra Leone and other Countries

SOMALIA

Languages Specific to Somalia

Maay (Af-Maay)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Somalia and other Countries

SOUTH AFRICA

Languages Specific to South Africa

Ndebele

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in South Africa and other Countries

SOUTH SUDAN (REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN)

Languages Specific to the Republic of South Sudan

Dinka ~
Ghulfan ~
Mabaan ~
Moru ~
Neur ~
Shilluk

Cwaya, Dagik, Heiban, Lumun, Masakin, Moro, Otoro, Tira & Tocco

Katcha, Kayigang & Kadugi-Krongo (Kadu)

Keiga Jirru, Temein & Tese

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in South Sudan and other Countries

SUDAN

Languages Specific to Sudan

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Sudan and other Countries

SWAZILAND

Languages Specific to Swaziland

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Swaziland and other Countries

TANZANIA

Languages Specific to Tanzania

Asu (Pare) ~
Hadza ~
Iraqw ~
Kinyamwezi (Nyamwezi) ~
Ngh’wele ~
Sandawe

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Tanzania and other Countries

TOGO

Languages Specific to Togo

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Togo and other Countries

UGANDA

Languages Specific to Uganda

Ganda ~
Luganda ~
Soo (So)

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Uganda and other Countries

WESTERN SAHARA

Languages Specific to Western Sahara

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Western Sahara and other Countries

ZAMBIA

Languages Specific to Zambia

Bemba ~
Lamba

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Zambia and other Countries

ZIMBABWE

Languages Specific to Zimbabwe

National/Official Languages
& Languages Spoken in Zimbabwe and other Countries

INDIGENOUSE LANGUAGES OF AUSTRALIA

Arrernte (Eastern Arrernte, Eastern Aranda) ~
Awabakal (Awaba)

Bayungu ~
Bunuba ~
Burarra ~
Burduna

Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) ~
Guguyimidjir (Guugu Yimithirr) ~
Gumatj

Gunwinggu (Kunwinjku) ~
Gupapuyngu (Dhuwala) ~
Gurdjar (Kurtjar)

Iwaidja ~
Jiwarli

Kaititj (Kaytetye) ~
Kala Lagaw Ya (Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalaw Kaway Ya)

Karajarri ~
Kartujarra

Mangala ~
Manyjilyjarra ~
Martu Wangka ~
Meriam ~
Murrinh-Patha

Nangikurrunggurr (Ngan’gikurunggurr, Ngan’gityemerri)

Ngadjonji (Dyirbal, Ngadjan) ~
Ngarluma

Nunggubuyu ~
Nyamal ~
Nyangumarta

Pakanha (Bakanh, Bakanha) ~
Pitjantjatjara ~
Putijarra

Thalanyji ~
Tiwi

Uw Oykangand & Uw Olkola

Wagiman ~
Walmajarri ~
Warlpiri (Walpiri) ~
Warnman ~
Wik-Mungkan

Yanyuwa (Yanyula, Yahula) ~
Yindjibarndi ~
Yolŋu Matha ~
Yulparija

Australian Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander Languages, Histories, Databases, Maps, etc.

LANGUAGE REFERENCES – SOME EXAMPLES

Ethnologue: Languages of the World

World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)

Endangered Languages

MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships

The Linguist List

Endangered Languages Archive (ELAR)

MULTILINGUAL ONLINE TRANSLATION

Multilingual Text & URL (Web Pages) Online Translation

What Language is it? Online Language Identifier

WRITING SYSTEMS, LANGUAGE CENSUS, BODY LANGUAGE

LANGUAGES & SOUNDS OF BIRDS, WHALES, ETC.
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Ethnologue Languages of the World & U.S. Language Census

Writing Systems, Ancient Scripts & English Handwriting

Languages & Sounds of Birds, Fish, Frogs, Insects, Seals, Whales, etc.

SIGN LANGUAGE & BRAILLE

SIGN LANGUAGE

Arabic ~
Croatian ~
Dutch ~
English ~
Flemish

French-Speaking Belgium ~
French

German ~
Greek ~
Hungarian ~
Icelandic ~
Italian ~
Japanese

Korean ~
Latvian ~
Polish ~
Russian ~
Spanish ~
Swedish ~
Turkish

BRAILLE

English Braille

Languages of India
(Bengali Braille, Punjabi Braille, Sanskrit Braille, Tamil Braille, Urdu Braille, etc.)

ENGLISH & OLD ENGLISH
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Writing & Grammar Courses, Lectures, Lessons,
Writing Guides, Writing for Newspapers & Magazines,
Writing Resumes, Business, Technical & Professional Writing,
Grammar Lessons, Parts of Speech,
Phrasal Verbs, Morphology, Verb Conjugation, etc.

Vocabulary Lessons

Spelling (Word & Text Spell Checkers) ~
Typing Courses & Typing Tests

English Usage & Rhetorical Devices

Old English Dictionaries, Courses, etc.
(Text, Images & Audio/Sound)

Linguistics Courses, Lessons & Databases
(Text, Images, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Writing Systems
(Text, Images & Audio/Sound)

Handwriting: 1500-1700 – Courses

Phonetics Courses & Lessons &
International Dialects of English, International Index of Sounds, etc.
(Text, Images, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

English Word, Phrase & Text-to-Speech (TTS)
(Text, Images & Audio/Sound)

Listening Courses & Lessons
(Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound)

Dictionaries ~
Encyclopedias/Encyclopædias

Dictionaries By Subject

Archaeology & Anthropology ~
Architecture & Construction

Art, Ballet, Music & Fashion ~
Botany & Gardening

Business & Finance ~
Common Names – Meaning & Origin

Computer, Internet, Internetworking, Cryptography

Drugs: Prescription & Over-The Counter

Engineering, Chemistry, Physics,
Geoscience, Materials Science, Mathematics

Environment, Epidemiology, Bioterrorism,
Parasites, Pesticides, Poisons, etc.

Food, Herbs, Wine, Cooking, etc.

Law ~
Linguistics ~
Medical ~
Military ~
Myths & Legends

Nuclear Energy ~
Occult & Paranormal ~
Old English

Philosophy ~
Printing & Topographic

Acronyms to Words in a Word:

Acronyms ~
Anagrams ~
Antonyms ~
Holonyms ~
Hypernyms ~
Meronyms

Rhyming ~
Symbols ~
Synonyms
Thesaurus ~
Troponyms ~
Words in a Word

English Poetry, English Ballads, English Quotations, English Literature

Poetry ~
Ballads ~
Quotations ~
Literature

LINGUISTICS JOURNALS

FONTS, KEYBOARD LAYOUTS & RESOURCES

Reader Interactions

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